The effects of formal and acoustic repetition in the Brown-Peterson paradigm

On a given trial in the Peterson and Peterson paradigm, the trigram B, K, T was presented. For one group this same trigram had been presented three trials earlier (exact repetition). For another group the critical item which had preceded the consonant trigram was BEE, KAY, TEA (homophonic repetition). Both groups showed a repetition facilitation significant beyond that of the appropriate control groups. The exact repetition group excelled the homophonic repetition group. Postexperimental questionnaires on awareness of the experimental manipulation did not precisely clarify the results obtained. The data support the view of multiple encoding.     

An automated swim alley for small animals: I. Instrumentation

A swim alley for testing the long-term performance capacity of rats is described. Rats swim back and forth in an alley, in temperature-controlled water, between platforms that are alternately and automatically raised and lowered. At the end of each traverse, an animal is allowed to rest on a raised platform for a period of time before the platform is lowered, which initiates the next traverse. Continuous measurement is made of speed of movement between platforms.     

A method for producing random visual textures

Textures composed of randomly shaped black and white areas may be produced from high-contrast photographs of a mixture of white and black-dyed rice. Moderate control of black-to-white ratio and many randomizations at a given ratio are possible. This method is cheaper than computer generation and better controlled than the more inexpensive methods.     

Context-produced increase in visibility

Summary It has not been clearly shown that context (e. g., three lines of a square) increases the visibility of a feature (e. g., the fourth line of the same square). To investigate this possibility, four sets of context+feature, context, feature, and BLANK (empty field) stimuli were used. For three out of the four sets, the context+feature stimulus was less likely to be falsely identified as the context and BLANK stimuli (i. e., the stimuli without the feature) than was the feature stimulus. For the same three sets, discriminating between the context+feature and context stimuli produced fewer false identifications (FIs) than discriminating between the feature and BLANK stimuli. The conclusion: the context components of context+feature stimuli increased the visibility of the feature components of the same stimuli.     

A spirituality for the long haul: Response to chronic illness

This article outlines a spirituality appropriate for those whose lives are affected by chronic injury or illness. Spirituality may be defined simply as a sustained and lived-out vision of life. An emerging spirituality of the whole person in relation to self, others, society, the earth, and a divine presence that pervades all that is acknowledges: (1) the basic dignity of the person, and (2) the drive to growth, wholeness, and fullness in every person. It implies a respectful assistance toward whatever human growth is possible for the chronically ill, while summoning a caring presence that remains faithful despite limitations or impending death.     

An examination of male and female attitudes toward career and family issues

This paper presents the results of a study designed to investigate attitudes toward various career and family issues. The sample for the study consists of 240 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in business courses. Results indicate differences in men's and women's perceptions of such issues as employer and government support for child care, parental responsibility, traditionally defined sex roles, and the impact of nonwork issues on work effectiveness. Gender differences were also evident in decisions made by study participants in response to several career-family scenarios developed by the researchers.An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1990 meetings of the Academy of Management.     

Psychological,physical, and interpersonal correlates of emotional expressiveness,conflict, and control

This article examines the relations between emotional expression, conflict over expression, and emotional control and psychological and physical distress. Fifty married couples completed two mail-in surveys containing the Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ), the Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (AEQ), and the Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ), as well as measures of psychological and physical well-being. They also made expressiveness and well-being ratings of their spouses. AEQ and ECQ scores were significantly positively correlated with measures of psychological distress and questionnaire measures of physical discomfort. In addition, AEQ scores for items dealing explicitly with anger predicted visits to health-care provider for illness. EEQ scores did not predict either psychological distress or physical symptoms. AEQ scores were also positively correlated with spouse's symptoms and alcohol use. Wives' expressiveness ratings for their husbands were negatively correlated with a number of indices of psychological distress, while husbands' ratings of wives' expressiveness were positively correlated with measures of distress. Generally, expressiveness, inhibition, and conflict over expression in one spouse did not consistently predict well-being of the other. Implications of these findings for future research in the area of emotion and illness as well as in relationship satisfaction are discussed.     

The sex-role egalitarianism scale: A measure of attitudes toward equality between the sexes

Two parallel forms of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) were developed. Each form includes 19 items representing each of five domains of adult living: marital roles, parental roles, employee roles, social-interpersonal-heterosexual roles, and educational roles. To determine the psychometric characteristics of the scales, 367 persons were tested, including police, senior citizens, business undergraduates, and psychology undergraduates. Reliability estimates for domain and total scores ranged from .81 to .97. Correlations between social desirability and SRES scores ranged from –.03 to +.18. Preliminary evidence of validity was derived from the confirmation of two a priori hypotheses: (a) Women scored more egalitarian than men, and psychology students scored more egalitarian than business students; (b) Both student groups scored more egalitarian than senior citizens and police.This research was supported by a Faculty Research and Creative Endeavors Grant from Central Michigan University. A portion of this paper was presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit, April 1981. The authors wish to thank Ann Carey, Tom Blair, and Larry Dennis for their computer assistance.Copies of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale may be obtained from Carole A. Beere, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859.