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971.
Joshua Gert 《Philosophical Studies》2008,140(3):437-445
Jason Stanley has criticized a contextualist solution to the sorites paradox that treats vagueness as a kind of indexicality.
His objection rests on a feature of indexicals that seems plausible: that their reference remains fixed in verb phrase ellipsis.
But the force of Stanley’s criticism depends on the undefended assumption that vague terms, if they are a special sort of
indexical, must function in the same way that more paradigmatic indexicals do. This paper argues that there can be more than
one sort of indexicality, that one term might easily have both sorts, and that therefore, and despite Stanley’s worries, vagueness
might easily be assimilated to one form.
相似文献
Joshua GertEmail: |
972.
Smith JD Redford JS Haas SM Coutinho MV Couchman JJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(3):361-374
The authors compared the performance of humans and monkeys in a Same-Different task. They evaluated the hypothesis that for humans the Same-Different concept is qualitative, categorical, and rule-based, so that humans distinguish 0-disparity pairs (i.e., same) from pairs with any discernible disparity (i.e., different); whereas for monkeys the Same-Different concept is quantitative, continuous, and similarity-based, so that monkeys distinguish small-disparity pairs (i.e., similar) from pairs with a large disparity (i.e., dissimilar). The results supported the hypothesis. Monkeys, more than humans, showed a gradual transition from same to different categories and an inclusive criterion for responding Same. The results have implications for comparing Same-Different performances across species--different species may not always construe or perform even identical tasks in the same way. In particular, humans may especially apply qualitative, rule-based frameworks to cognitive tasks like Same-Different. 相似文献
973.
Claire I. Tsai Joshua Klayman Reid Hastie 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2008
When a person evaluates his or her confidence in a judgment, what is the effect of receiving more judgment-relevant information? We report three studies that show when judges receive more information, their confidence increases more than their accuracy, producing substantial confidence–accuracy discrepancies. Our results suggest that judges do not adjust for the cognitive limitations that reduce their ability to use additional information effectively. We place these findings in a more general framework of understanding the cues to confidence that judges use and how those cues relate to accuracy and calibration. 相似文献
974.
Dot probe studies indicate that masked fearful faces modulate spatial attention. However, without a baseline to compare congruent and incongruent reaction times, it is unclear which aspect(s) of attention (orienting or disengagement) is affected. Additionally, backward masking studies commonly use a neutral face as the mask stimulus. This method results in greater perceptual inconsistencies for fearful as opposed to neutral faces. Therefore, it is currently unclear whether the effects of backward masked fearful faces are due to the fearful nature of the face or perceptual inconsistencies. Equally unclear, is whether this spatial attention effect is due to orienting or disengagement. Two modified dot probe experiments with neutral (closed mouth in Experiment 1) and smiling (open mouth in Experiment 2) masks were used to determine the role of perceptual inconsistencies in mediating the spatial attention effects elicited by masked fearful faces. The results indicate that masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of spatial attention, and it appears that this effect is due to the fearful nature of the face rather than perceptual inconsistencies between the initial faces and masks. 相似文献
975.
There are several self-report measures of psychopathy, most of which use a two-factor structure. There is debate regarding the convergence of these factors, particularly with regard to Factor 1 (F1), which is related to the interpersonal and affective aspects of psychopathy; Factor 2 (F2) is related to the social deviance associated with psychopathy. This study examines the relations between the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) factors and personality traits and disorders (PDs) in an undergraduate sample (n = 271). LSRP Factor 1 is related to an antagonistic interpersonal style (i.e., low Agreeableness; high Narcissistic PD and ratings of prototypical psychopathy), whereas Factor 2 is more strongly related to negative emotionality (i.e., Neuroticism), disinhibition (i.e., low Conscientiousness) and a broad array of PD symptoms. The authors interpret these findings in the context of alternative measures of psychopathy and suggest that the LSRP is a reasonable, albeit imperfect, measure of psychopathy. 相似文献
976.
Six experiments investigated the memory blocking effect (MBE) in which exposure to orthographically similar words (e.g., BALLOON) impairs one's ability to complete a similar fragment (e.g., BAL_ON_, solution is BALCONY). Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that blocking is not observed after a 72-hour delay; however, repetition priming was observed after the same delay. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that presenting unrelated semantic information during the fragment completion test eliminates blocking. Experiment 5 demonstrated that the MBE persists despite directed-forgetting instructions, and Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrated that activating both the solutions and blocking words for a particular fragment at study eliminates blocking. Collectively, the data demonstrate that reading orthographically similar primes automatically triggers retrieval of the blocking word and an executive control process works to manage this interference. A working framework that describes how an executive control mechanism could govern memory retrieval in the memory-blocking paradigm is presented to stimulate development of more advanced theoretical models that can explain blocking. 相似文献
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979.
Joshua Gert 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2010,44(4):669-690
980.
Joshua Spencer 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(2):167-181
A material simple is a material object that has no proper parts. Some philosophers have argued for the possibility of extended
simples. Some have even argued for the possibility of heterogeneous simples or simples that have intrinsic variations across
their surfaces. There is a puzzle, though, that is meant to show that extended, heterogeneous simples are impossible. Although
several plausible responses have been given to this puzzle, I wish to reopen the case against extended, heterogeneous simples.
In this paper, I briefly canvass responses to this puzzle which may be made in defense of extended, heterogeneous simples.
I then present a new version of this puzzle which targets simples that occupy atomic yet extended regions of space. It seems
that none of the traditional responses can be used to successfully save this particular kind of extended simple from the new
puzzle. I also consider some non-traditional defenses of heterogeneous extended simples and argue that they too are unsuccessful.
Finally, I will argue that a substantial case can be made against the possibility of extended heterogeneous simples of any
kind. 相似文献