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241.
We addressed the questions of how and to what end negotiators sacrifice their economic outcomes in exchange for hoped-for relationship gains with the other party. We predicted that negotiators' chronic belongingness needs–fundamental to human beings–would undercut the economic value of their deals. Moreover, we tested two mechanisms by which this occurs. Belongingness needs encouraged negotiators to reduce their economic ambitions ahead of time, and they interfered with negotiators' attention to the substantive issues on the table. Rather than finding that partners were able to exploit negotiators' belongingness needs for their own economic gains, we found that their partners were left worse off. If negotiators were making a calculation initially to trade economic gains for relationship gains, we did not find evidence that this paid off with a partner who especially wanted to work with the focal negotiator in the future. We conclude that belongingness needs lead negotiators to sabotage their economic outcomes without any clear benefits to the relationships these negotiators are keen to build. 相似文献
242.
Amanda D. Angie Josh L. Davis Matthew T. Allen Cristina L. Byrne Gregory A. Ruark Cory B. Cunningham Toni S. Hoang Daniel R. Bernard Michael G. Hughes Shane Connelly H. Dan O'Hair Michael D. Mumford 《Journal of applied social psychology》2011,41(3):627-657
Recent acts of violence have demonstrated the impact of violent ideological groups worldwide. However, the systematic study of these groups is somewhat limited. The Internet is a valuable tool for investigating ideological group behavior because it is easily accessible and commonly used by these groups. This study attempted to extend previous research by examining online message boards to assess processes particular to ideological group membership. A content analysis was conducted on several group process variables using 29 groups with message boards. A Kruskal‐Wallis test with follow‐up pairwise comparisons was used to find that violent ideological groups differed from nonviolent ideological and nonviolent nonideological groups on 7 group process variables and 3 content variables. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
243.
Josh Weisberg 《Philosophical Studies》2011,154(3):409-433
An important objection to the “higher-order” theory of consciousness turns on the possibility of higher-order misrepresentation.
I argue that the objection fails because it illicitly assumes a characterization of consciousness explicitly rejected by HO
theory. This in turn raises the question of what justifies an initial characterization of the data a theory of consciousness
must explain. I distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic characterizations of consciousness, and I propose several desiderata a successful characterization of consciousness must
meet. I then defend the particular extrinsic characterization of the HO theory, the “transitivity principle,” against its
intrinsic rivals, thereby showing that the misrepresentation objection conclusively falls short. 相似文献
244.
Con Stough David Camfield Christina Kure Joanne Tarasuik Luke Downey Jenny Lloyd Andrea Zangara Andrew Scholey Josh Reynolds 《Intelligence》2011,39(2-3):100-107
Cognitive enhancing substances such as amphetamine and modafinil have become popular in recent years to improve acute cognitive performance particularly in environments in which enhanced cognition or intelligence is required. Nutraceutical nootropics, which are natural substances that have the ability to bring about acute or chronic changes in cognition have also been gaining popularity in a range of settings and applications including the workplace, driving and in the amelioration of age related cognitive decline. Huperzine A, Vinpocetine, Acetyl-l-carnitine, Rhodiola Rosea and Alpha-lipoic Acid are popular nutritional supplements that have shown promising benefits in improving a range of biological (e.g., blood flow, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and direct neurotransmitter effects) and cognitive processes from in vitro, animal and human clinical research. We report here the first human randomized clinical trial for cognition in which we administer a combination of Huperzine A, Vinpocetine, Acetyl-l-carnitine, R. Rosea and Alpha-lipoic acid (called Ceretrophin) vs placebo. Sixty participants (40 females and 20 males, with a mean age of 45.4 years, SD = 12.6) completed either the odd or even items from the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) at baseline and the opposite odd or even items at week 4 after consuming either the combination nootropic or placebo. A significant study visit (time) × treatment condition interaction was found: F (1, 57) = 7.279, p = 0.009, partial η2 = .113, with paired samples t-tests revealing a significant improvement in mean APM score from baseline to retest (week 4) (t(34) = ? 4.045, p < .001) for the Ceretrophin? group. Improvements in APM scores could be attributed to the active intervention over the placebo, indicating that the treatment improved general intelligence. Implications for improving our understanding of the biological basis of intelligence and pharmacologically improving human cognition are discussed. 相似文献
245.
David Trafimow Stephen Rice Gayle Hunt Bethany List Bryce Nanez Natalie Rector Josh Notah Jennie Brown 《European journal of social psychology》2012,42(4):509-520
The present research is based on the notion of confluence—that associated mental elements have a tendency to become more consistent with each other over time, even if some of them are logically irrelevant to the issue at hand. This idea was applied to a voting paradigm where participants were exposed to varying numbers of valenced beliefs about a candidate. Two experiments tested the idea that although valenced beliefs influence attributions and voting intentions, there is an additional process whereby evaluations of irrelevant beliefs also are influenced. Not surprisingly, as more positive or negative beliefs were presented, voting intentions became more positive or more negative, respectively. More dramatically, however, positive or negative evaluations of irrelevant beliefs became more extreme in the direction of the presented items as more of them were presented. An additional experiment tested alternative mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
246.
The Importance of Therapist/Client Ethnic/Racial Matching in Couples Treatment for Domestic Violence
Kyle Horst Marcos Mendez Rebecca Culver-Turner Yvonne Amanor-Boadu Bo Minner Josh Cook Sandra Stith Eric McCollum 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2012,34(1):57-71
Outcome research indicates a relative degree of variability regarding the effectiveness of client and therapist ethnic/racial
matching (see Cabral and Smith 2011; Shin et al. in J Couns Psychol 52(1):45–56, 2005). Considering these findings, our study hopes to further understand the complexity behind ethnic/racial matching in treatment.
In this study, we examined interviews with clients and therapists regarding ethnic/racial matching in couples treatment for
domestic violence (e.g., McCollum and Stith in Violence Vict 23(2):187–201, 2008). Our findings indicated that ethnic/racial matching is a complex multi-faceted issue and connected ethnic/racial matching
with issues of culture, human experience, and others. We recommend clinicians consider the complexity of ethnic/racial matching
in practice. 相似文献
247.
Cognitive accounts of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) assert that core beliefs are crucial to the development, maintenance, and treatment of the disorder. There are a number of obsessive beliefs that are considered fundamental to OCD, including personal responsibility, threat estimation, perfectionism, need for certainty, importance of thoughts, and thought control. The present study investigated if pretreatment severity of obsessive beliefs, as well as the change in obsessive beliefs following treatment, predicted intensive, residential cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment outcome. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relations between obsessive beliefs and treatment outcome. Results indicated that inflated pretreatment responsibility/threat estimation beliefs were significantly related to less overall obsessive compulsive (OC) symptom reduction at discharge, explaining 2% of the overall variance. Changes in obsessive beliefs broadly, and importance/control of thoughts specifically, were positively related to overall OC symptom reduction at discharge, respectively explaining 18% and 3.6% variance. Results are modestly consistent with a number of theoretical models, which argue that inflated responsibility, threat estimation, and thought control are important to the maintenance and treatment of OCD. 相似文献
248.
249.
Protein-deprived rats were given, on one day, a balanced mixture of amino acids followed by access to protein-free food having a distinctive odour. On another day, an imbalanced (histidine-free) amino acid mixture was given just before food having another odour. The rats afterwards preferred the balance-paired odour to the imbalance-paired odour. The preference was acquired whether the duration of odour presentation, or the amount of odourised food taken, was kept constant on the two conditioning days. Retention of the preference seemed unattenuated after 4 weeks. An attraction to the balance-paired odour (relative to odours paired with a water load) contributed to the acquired preference. There was also a relative aversion to unfamiliar odours when they had been paired with imbalance. Such acquired chemosensory control of preferences, together with an anorexigenic effect of imbalanced amino acid mixtures, can account for characteristics of feeding behaviour under conditions in which the diet is deficient in an essential amino acid. 相似文献
250.
S. A. Barnett Henry Shaffer Brian Craske S. E. G. Lea P. M. Rabbitt Geoff S. Einon D. A. Booth 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1970,22(4):735-742
Animal Behaviour. By R. A. Hinde. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1970. Pp. xviii + 876. 149s.
Experimental Psychology: Methodology, Psychophysics and Learning. By M. R. D'Amato. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1970. Pp. xxiv + 727. 101s.
Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. By Eleanor J. Gibson. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, Meredith Corporation. Pp. 537. $9.35.
Perception through Experience. By M. D. Vernon. London: Methuen. 1970. Pp. 306. 55s. (£2.75)
Contingencies of Reinforcement. By B. F. Skinner. New York: Appleton Century Crofts. 1969. Pp. xv + 319. Cloth: £3. $6. Paper: £18s.
Annual Reciew of Psychology. Edited by P. Mussen and M. Rosenzweig. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews Inc. 1970. Pp. 674. $10.50.
Brain, Beharioicr and Evolution. Basel and New York: S. Karger AG. 6 issues per year $18.60.
Physiology and Behaviour: an International Journal. Oxford and New York Pergamon Press Ltd. 6 issues p.a. £20. (£3 10s. to individuals). 相似文献
Experimental Psychology: Methodology, Psychophysics and Learning. By M. R. D'Amato. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1970. Pp. xxiv + 727. 101s.
Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. By Eleanor J. Gibson. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, Meredith Corporation. Pp. 537. $9.35.
Perception through Experience. By M. D. Vernon. London: Methuen. 1970. Pp. 306. 55s. (£2.75)
Contingencies of Reinforcement. By B. F. Skinner. New York: Appleton Century Crofts. 1969. Pp. xv + 319. Cloth: £3. $6. Paper: £18s.
Annual Reciew of Psychology. Edited by P. Mussen and M. Rosenzweig. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews Inc. 1970. Pp. 674. $10.50.
Brain, Beharioicr and Evolution. Basel and New York: S. Karger AG. 6 issues per year $18.60.
Physiology and Behaviour: an International Journal. Oxford and New York Pergamon Press Ltd. 6 issues p.a. £20. (£3 10s. to individuals). 相似文献