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271.
Dautovich ND Kay DB Perlis ML Dzierzewski JM Rowe MA McCrae CS 《Health psychology》2012,31(5):671-676
Objective: The objectives for the present study were to (a) examine within-person variability of nap duration and (b) assess how variability in nap duration is related to the number of health conditions in a sample of older adults. For highly variable behaviors such as sleep, it is important to consider fluctuations within the person instead of solely comparing averages of behaviors across persons. Method: Data were drawn from a previous study examining sleep in 103 community-dwelling older adults. Subjective estimates of napping behavior were obtained from sleep diaries and objective estimates of napping behavior were obtained using actigraphy. Both measures were collected for 14 consecutive days. The sampled data were aggregated in terms of (a) average daily time spent napping and (b) average within-person fluctuations in daily nap duration. The health measure consisted of the number of self-reported health conditions. Results: Both the objective and subjective measures revealed that there was considerable day-to-day fluctuation in nap duration and that variability in nap duration, not mean duration, uniquely predicted the number of health conditions, b = .03, b* = .26, t(100) = 2.71, p = .01. Conclusions: Duration of napping in older adults is a highly variable behavior, fluctuating as much within- as between-persons. Furthermore, variability in nap duration from day to day is predictive of greater medical morbidity, suggesting that clinicians should assess for inconsistencies in nap behavior in addition to duration, frequency, and timing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
272.
JM Malancharuvil 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2012,72(3):242-250
Empathic difficulty is a highly consequential characteristic of antisocial personality structure. The origin, maintenance, and possible resolution of this profound deficit are not very clear. While reconstructing empathic ability is of primary importance in the treatment of antisocial personality, not many proven procedures are in evidence. In this article, the author offers a psychodynamic formulation of the origin, character, and maintenance of the empathic deficiency in antisocial personality. The author discusses some of the treatment implications from this dynamic formulation. 相似文献
273.
A central question in intertemporal decision making is why people reverse their own past choices. Someone who initially prefers a long-run outcome might fail to maintain that preference for long enough to see the outcome realized. Such behavior is usually understood as reflecting preference instability or self-control failure. However, if a decision maker is unsure exactly how long an awaited outcome will be delayed, a reversal can constitute the rational, utility-maximizing course of action. In the present behavioral experiments, we placed participants in timing environments where persistence toward delayed rewards was either productive or counterproductive. Our results show that human decision makers are responsive to statistical timing cues, modulating their level of persistence according to the distribution of delay durations they encounter. We conclude that temporal expectations act as a powerful and adaptive influence on people's tendency to sustain patient decisions. 相似文献
274.
The conflict monitoring model of cognitive control posits that response conflict triggers a top-down enhancement of a task’s
representation in working memory. In the present study, we conducted a novel test of the conflict monitoring model using a
voluntary task switching paradigm. We predicted that a task’s representation would be enhanced following events associated
with high response conflict (i.e., incongruent trials and incorrect responses), leading participants to voluntarily choose
to repeat that task more often after these events than after events associated with low response conflict (i.e., congruent
trials and correct responses). In two experiments, performance following incongruent trials was consistent with the conflict
monitoring model. However, performance following incorrect trials did not fit with the model’s predictions. These findings
provide novel support for the conflict monitoring model while revealing new effects of incorrect trials that the model cannot
explain. 相似文献
275.
The survivor interaction contrasts (SIC) is a powerful measure for distinguishing among candidate models of human information processing. One class of models to which SIC analysis can apply are the coactive, or channel summation, models of human information processing. In general, parametric forms of coactive models assume that responses are made based on the first passage time across a fixed threshold of a sum of stochastic processes. Previous work has shown that the SIC for a coactive model based on the sum of Poisson processes has a distinctive down-up-down form, with an early negative region that is smaller than the later positive region. In this note, we demonstrate that a coactive process based on the sum of two Wiener processes has the same SIC form. 相似文献
276.
Joseph A. Vandello Kenneth S. Michniewicz Nadav Goldschmied 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(6):1173-1178
The present research examined observers' moral judgments of groups in conflict. Study 1 found support for the prediction that actions are interpreted as more moral in the context of low power. People judged the violent actions of a fictitious group as more moral and justifiable when done by a smaller, less powerful country compared to a larger one. However, a second study found that violence may undermine the moral advantage accorded underdog groups. People reading about Israeli construction of settlements in Palestinian territories judged the Israeli actions to be more moral when Palestinians resisted violently compared to when they used non-violent resistance tactics. Together, these studies demonstrate how moral judgments of the actions of groups in conflict are influenced by contextual factors independent of the actions themselves. 相似文献
277.
Graziano PA McNamara JP Geffken GR Reid A 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(7):1073-1083
The goal of the current study was to determine the extent to which the perceived self-regulation deficits across behavioral,
cognitive, and emotional domains seen in children with ADHD explain the association between the severity of ADHD symptoms
and parenting stress. Participants for this study included 80 children (mean age = 10 years, 9 months) with a DSM-IV diagnosis
of ADHD confirmed by a comprehensive clinical diagnostic assessment. Parents reported their own stress levels as well as the
severity of their children’s ADHD symptoms, aggression, emotional lability, and executive functioning difficulties. Results
indicated that the severity of children’s hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms but not their inattention related to parenting
stress. Multiple mediational analyses indicated that the association between hyperactivity/impulsivity and parenting stress
was explained by children’s perceived comorbid aggression levels, emotional lability, and executive functioning difficulties.
No significant differences in the strength of the mediators were found. The current study provides initial data showing that
the perceived impairments in children’s self-regulation across emotional, cognitive, and behavioral domains are what parents
report as stressful, not simply the severity of ADHD symptoms. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study and shared
variance from relying solely on parent report, it will be critical for future research to replicate our findings using longitudinal
and multi-informant data such as teacher reports and standardized assessments. 相似文献
278.
John A. Johnson Joseph CarrollJonathan Gottschall Daniel Kruger 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(1):50-58
All literature embodies an implicit theory of personality and human nature (Hogan, 1976). The research described here investigates the implicit personality theory embedded in the behavior of 435 characters in 143 canonical Victorian novels. Characters were rated on the Web by 519 scholars and students of 19th-century British literature. Ratings included the characters’ goals, success in achieving goals, mate preferences and strategies, and personality according to the Five Factor Model. Results suggest that novels by Victorian authors largely reflect personality and human nature as understood by modern personality psychology, but Victorian authors amplify the significance of agreeableness and thus, whether intentionally or not, encourage cooperative impulses in readers. 相似文献
279.
280.