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231.
232.
Josep Lluís Mateo Dieste 《Contemporary Islam》2015,9(1):45-63
This article analyses the revitalisation of Islamic exorcism in Morocco since the 1990s and how its practitioners legitimise it as a ritual largely adapted to theological orthodoxy. The rhetoric of these exorcists on spirit possession defines certain afflictions as an intromission of the genies (jnun) into the body by physical mechanisms, comparable to the processes undertaken by microbes. From interviews and observation of ritual exorcism of Moroccan faqihs in Tetuan and Barcelona, I analyse their techniques and the way they legitimise them. I conclude that the moral intervention of religious specialists through Koranic recitation becomes effective throughout a dynamic worldview that reinforces old basic assumptions about a physical intercourse between jnun and humans. At the same time, with the revitalisation of the ritual, many Koranic exorcists incorporate new rhetorics to demonstrate scientifically the materiality of the jnun and their effects on the possessed bodies. But Moroccan Koranic healers not only rework definitions of affliction and legitimise the physical agency of the jnun, they also contribute to define gendered experiences of the body as far as women are conceived as the favorite and weakest victims of the genies. 相似文献
233.
Implicit aggressiveness, measured by the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A), has been shown to be important for understanding counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). However, it is not clear how employees justify CWBs that stem from their unconscious tendencies. We tested the idea that implicitly aggressive individuals develop negative job attitudes (JAs) to justify their CWBs. In Study 1, 333 employees completed the CRT-A, a battery of JAs, and a CWBs scale. In Study 2, another sample (n = 341) completed the CRT-A and different measures of JAs and CWBs. In both studies, implicit aggressiveness explained JAs and self-reported CWBs. Although the design did not allow establishment of exact causal sequence, both studies were more consistent with the model where CWBs mediated the CRT-A and JA relationship. 相似文献
234.
Despite current interest in dog (Canis familiaris) cognition, very little is known about how dogs represent objects and how they compare with other species, such as the great apes. Therefore, we investigated how dogs and great apes (chimpanzees [Pan troglodytes], bonobos [Pan paniscus], orangutans [Pongo pygmaeus], gorillas [Gorilla gorilla]) individuate objects in a classical violation of expectation paradigm. We used a container (magic cup) with a double bottom that allowed us to change the type of food that subjects had seen being placed in the container. Using a 2 × 2 design, we varied whether subjects received a generally preferred food and whether the food was substituted (surprise trials) or not (baseline trials). Apes showed increased begging and looking behaviors and dogs showed increased smelling behavior. Both species stayed near the experimenter more frequently in the surprise trials compared with baseline trials. Both species reacted to positive (i.e., good food substituted for bad food) and negative (i.e., bad food substituted for good food) surprises. These results suggest that apes and dogs were able to individuate objects according to their properties or type in comparable ways. In addition, we looked for frustration and elation effects, but subjects' behaviors were not influenced by the food they saw and which they received in previous trials. 相似文献
235.
Josep Call 《Animal cognition》2010,13(5):689-700
When confronted with uncertain or incomplete information in decision-making situations, monkeys and apes opt for either escaping
the situation or seeking additional information. These responses have been interpreted as evidence of metacognitive abilities.
However, this interpretation has been challenged. On the one hand, studies using the information-seeking paradigm have been
criticized because subjects may simply engage in a search for information routine (e.g., search until spot the reward) without
any metacognitive involvement. On the other hand, studies using the escape response paradigm have been criticized because
subjects may not recognize their own state of uncertainty but have learned to use the escape response in the presence of certain
stimuli configurations that create uncertainty. The current study attempted to address these two criticisms by presenting
great apes (seven gorillas, eight chimpanzees, four bonobos, seven orangutans) with a seeking information task whose basic
procedure consisted of presenting two hollow tubes, baiting one of them and letting subjects choose. Conditions varied depending
on whether subjects had visual access to the baiting, the cost associated with seeking information, the time interval between
baiting and choosing, the food quality and the additional information offered regarding the food’s location. Although subjects
showed a high retrieval accuracy when they had witnessed the baiting, they were more likely to check inside the tube before
choosing when high stakes were involved (Experiment 3) or after a longer period of time had elapsed between the baiting and
the retrieval of the reward (Experiment 2). In contrast, providing subjects with indirect auditory information about the food’s
location or increasing the cost of checking reduced checking before choosing (Experiment 1). Taken together, these findings
suggest that subjects knew that they could be wrong when choosing. 相似文献
236.
Affective valence influences participant's susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined the influence of emotional valence on the production of DRM false memories (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Participants were presented with neutral, positive, or negative DRM lists for a later recognition (Experiment 1) or recall (Experiment 2) test. In both experiments, confidence and recollective experience (i.e., "Remember-Know" judgments; Tulving, 1985) were also assessed. Results consistently showed that, compared with neutral lists, affective lists induced more false recognition and recall of nonpresented critical lures. Moreover, although confidence ratings did not differ between the false remembering from the different kinds of lists, "Remember" responses were more often associated with negative than positive and neutral false remembering of the critical lures. In contrast, positive false remembering of the critical lures was more often associated with "Know" responses. These results are discussed in light of the Paradoxical Negative Emotion (PNE) hypothesis (Porter, Taylor, & ten Bricke, 2008). 相似文献
237.
Exchanges form the basis of human economies. Animals too can engage in reciprocal interactions but they do not barter goods
like humans, which raises the question of the abilities necessary for trading to occur. Previous studies have shown that non-human
primates can exchange food with human partners. Here, we tested the ability of brown capuchin monkeys and Tonkean macaques
to reciprocate in a task requiring two conspecifics to exchange tokens in order to obtain rewards from an experimenter. We
recorded 56 transfers between subjects in capuchin monkeys and 10 in Tonkean macaques. All transfers were passive in both
species. Capuchins preferentially picked up tokens valuable for them in the partner’s compartment. They tended to manipulate
the partner-valued tokens more often than the no-value ones, leading to more opportunities for these tokens to end up within
reach of the partner. Despite optimal conditions where values of goods were defined and known by partners, however, none of
the pairs tested engaged in short-term reciprocal interactions. These results indicate that calculated reciprocity was difficult
if not impossible in the animals tested. 相似文献
238.
Animals commonly use feature and spatial strategies when remembering places of interest such as food sources or hiding places.
We conducted three experiments with great apes to investigate strategy preferences and factors that may shape them. In the
first experiment, we trained 17 apes to remember 12 different food locations on the floor of their sleeping room. The 12 food
locations were associated with one feature cue, so that feature and spatial cues were confounded. In a single test session,
we brought the cues into conflict and found that apes, irrespective of species, showed a preference for a feature strategy.
In the second experiment, we used a similar procedure and trained 25 apes to remember one food location on a platform in front
of them. On average, apes preferred to use a feature strategy but some individuals relied on a spatial strategy. In the final
experiment, we investigated whether training might influence strategy preferences. We tested 21 apes in the platform set-up
and found that apes used both, feature and spatial strategies irrespective of training. We conclude that apes can use feature
and spatial strategies to remember the location of hidden food items, but that task demands (e.g. different numbers of search
locations) can influence strategy preferences. We found no evidence, however, for the role of training in shaping these preferences. 相似文献
239.
Recent research suggests that witnessing events of fission (e.g., the splitting of a solid object) impairs human infants’, human adults’, and non-human primates’ object representations. The present studies investigated the reactions of gorillas and orangutans to cohesion violation across different types of fission events implementing a behavioral paradigm previously used with human infants. Results suggest that fission events vary in their impact on representational abilities but do not destroy apes’ representations of continuously existing objects. 相似文献
240.
Taeda Jovičić 《Argumentation》2006,20(1):29-58
In this article, I further analyze the notion of the effectiveness of argumentative strategies, introduced in Jovičić, 2001. The most relevant achievements of the theories of reasonable discussion and the theories of persuasion are called to mind with the aim of explaining the mechanism of the argumentative effectiveness. As a result, a procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of argumentative strategies is suggested. 相似文献