排序方式: 共有173条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Josep L. Prades 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2000,34(S1):121-131
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Eduard García-Cruz Josep Maria Monguet Diana Marre Mònica González Maria Fernanda Peraza Carme Sánchez Carlos Suso Álex Trejo Antonio Alcaraz 《Sexuality & culture》2017,21(4):942-952
The diversity of sexual behaviors is driven by multiple determinants, including physiological, cultural, educational, and sociological factors. However, the definition of sexual behavior profiles has been barely addressed from a comprehensive point of view. We aimed to develop a multidisciplinary questionnaire for defining individual sexual behavior profiles. The questionnaire was developed by a panel of experts with research experience in the fields of urology, gynecology, psychology, anthropology, and sexology. The list of items was defined in a focus group session and was based on four categories—family-oriented, loving, recreational, and functional—resulting from the combination of two axes: traditional versus non-traditional and sexual benefit versus extra-sexual benefit. Real-time Delphi dynamics was used to assign a weight to each question and a bias to the corresponding responses. The final questionnaire included 50 items considered relevant for describing sexual profiles; the final questionnaire was named SEX360. Of the 50 items included in SEX360, 14 were considered essential for computing the final score; 9 of them were associated with 2 categories, 4 of them with 4 categories, and 1 of them with 3. Nine items referred to the category “family-oriented”, 10 to “loving”, 8 to “recreational”, and 9 to “functional”. The weights assigned to each question ranged from 3.00 to 4.33, and the centers of gravity ranged from 1 to 4. The questionnaire proposed shows the existence of a vast diversity of sexual behavior profiles and may serve as a tool for sexual behavior research. 相似文献
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Social learning is predicted to evolve in socially living animals provided the learning process is not random but biased by certain socio-ecological factors. One bias of particular interest for the emergence of (cumulative) culture is the tendency to forgo personal behaviour in favour of relatively better variants observed in others, also known as the “copy-if-better” strategy. We investigated whether chimpanzees employ copy-if-better in a simple token-exchange paradigm controlling for individual and random social learning. After being trained on one token-type, subjects were confronted with a conspecific demonstrator who either received the same food reward as the subject (control condition) or a higher value food reward than the subject (test condition) for exchanging another token-type. In general, the chimpanzees persisted in exchanging the token-type they were trained on individually, indicating a form of conservatism consistent with previous studies. However, the chimpanzees were more inclined to copy the demonstrator in the test compared to the control condition, indicating a tendency to employ a copy-if-better strategy. We discuss the validity of our results by considering alternative explanations and relate our findings to the emergence of cumulative culture. 相似文献
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Humans are able to benefit from a causally structured problem-solving context rather than arbitrarily structured situations.
In order to better understand nonhuman causal cognition, it is therefore important to isolate crucial factors that might differentiate
between events that follow a purely spatial and temporal contingency and those that hold a “true” causal relationship. In
the first of two experiments, chimpanzee subjects were required to detect a bottle containing juice from five opaque bottles
of equal shape and size. In the causal condition, the juice bottle looked identical to the other four bottles, only it was much heavier than the others. In the arbitrary condition, the weight of all five bottles was identical, but the juice bottle was color-marked differently. Since bottle opening was
made difficult (and therefore costly), the question was whether subject’s manipulative behavior would be random or somehow
influenced by the nature of the provided information. Our results show that subjects detected and opened the juice bottle
significantly faster when weight was the discriminating feature (causal condition) compared to situations in which the discrimination was necessarily based on a color-cue (arbitrary condition). Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility of a general learning bias toward tactile rather than visual information in chimpanzees.
When tested in a simple exchange paradigm that prevented any use of causal information, no predominance of a tactile cue (weight)
over a visual cue (color) could be found. Furthermore—and in contrast to the causal condition in Experiment 1—no learning occurred during the course of Experiment 2, neither in the weight nor in the color condition.
We therefore conclude that chimpanzees can more easily determine the content of an object based on its causal properties compared
to situations in which the only available information is a pure arbitrary regularity. This supports the view that chimpanzees’
causal cognition does not rely on mere perceptual information but also on structural abstraction about their physical environment. 相似文献
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There is accumulating evidence that a variety of species possess quantitative abilities although their cognitive substrate
is still unclear. This study is the first to investigate whether sea lions (Otaria flavescens), in the absence of training, are able to assess and select the larger of two sets of quantities. In Experiment 1, the two
sets of quantities were presented simultaneously as whole sets, that is, the subjects could compare them directly. In Experiment
2, the two sets of quantities were presented item-by-item, and the totality of items was never visually available at the time
of choice. For each type of presentation, we analysed the effect of the ratio between quantities, the difference between quantities
and the total number of items presented. The results showed that (1) sea lions can make relative quantity judgments successfully
and (2) there is a predominant influence of the ratio between quantities on the subjects’ performance. The latter supports
the idea that an analogue representational mechanism is responsible for sea lions’ relative quantities judgments. These findings
are consistent with previous reports of relative quantities judgments in other species such as monkeys and apes and suggest
that sea lions might share a similar mechanism to compare and represent quantities. 相似文献
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By three years of age, children are skilled at assessing under which circumstances others can see things. However, nothing is known about whether they can use this knowledge to guide their own deceptive behaviour. Here we investigated 3‐year‐olds’ ability to strategically inhibit or conceal forbidden actions that a nearby adult experimenter could see or hear. In the first experiment, children were more likely to disobey the adult when she did not have visual access to their activities than they were when she was looking at them. In the second experiment, in which the adult could never see the child, children refrained from making noise when engaging in a prohibited action that the adult might hear. These results suggest that by three years of age children use their knowledge of others’ perceptual states to decide whether it is safe to commit a transgression and, moreover, actively conceal perceptual cues that could reveal to others their ongoing transgression. 相似文献
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We conducted three studies to examine whether the four great ape species (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans)
are able to use behavioral experimenter-given cues in an object-choice task. In the subsequent experimental conditions subjects
were presented with two eggs, one of which contained food and the other did not. In Study 1 the experimenter examined both
eggs by smelling or shaking them, but only made a failed attempt to open (via biting) the egg containing food. In a control
condition, the experimenter examined and attempted to open both eggs, but in reverse order to control for stimulus enhancement.
The apes significantly preferred the egg that was first examined and then bitten, but had no preference in a baseline condition
in which there were no cues. In Study 2, we investigated whether the apes could extend this ability to cues not observed in
apes so far (i.e., attempting to pull apart the egg), as well as whether they made this discrimination based on the function
of the action the experimenter performed. Subjects significantly preferred eggs presented with this novel cue, but did not
prefer eggs presented with a novel but functionally irrelevant action. In Study 3, apes did not interpret human actions as
cues to food-location when they already knew that the eggs were empty. Thus, great apes were able to use a variety of experimenter-given
cues associated with foraging actions to locate hidden food and thereby were partially sensitive to the general purpose underlying
these actions. 相似文献