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131.
Problem solving often relies on generating new responses while inhibiting others, particularly prepotent ones. A paradigm
to study inhibitory abilities is the reverse contingency task (Boysen and Berntson in J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 21:82–86,
1995), in which two different quantities of food are offered to an individual who receives the array he did not choose. Therefore,
mastery of the task demands selecting the smaller quantity to obtain the larger one. Several non-human primates have been
tested in the reverse contingency task. To date, only great apes and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have succeeded in the original task, with no need of procedural modifications as the large-or-none contingency, correction
trials or symbolic stimuli substituting for actual food quantities. Here, four mangabeys were presented with two stimulus
arrays of one and four raisins in the context of the reverse contingency task. Three of them learned to perform the task well
above chance without a modified procedure. They also reached above-chance performance when presented with two stimulus arrays
of zero and four raisins, despite the initial difficulty of choosing a null quantity. After a period of 7–10 months, in which
the animals were not tested on any task, all three subjects continued to perform well, even when presented with novel quantity
pairs. 相似文献
132.
Josep Maria Font 《Studia Logica》2006,82(2):179-209
This paper reviews the impact of Rasiowa's well-known book on the evolution of algebraic logic during the last thirty or forty
years. It starts with some comments on the importance and influence of this book, highlighting some of the reasons for this
influence, and some of its key points, mathematically speaking, concerning the general theory of algebraic logic, a theory
nowadays called Abstract Algebraic Logic. Then, a consideration of the diverse ways in which these key points can be generalized
allows us to survey some issues in the development of the field in the last twenty to thirty years. The last part of the paper
reviews some recent lines of research that in some way transcend Rasiowa's approach. I hope in this way to give the reader
a general view of Rasiowa's key position in the evolution of Algebraic Logic during the twentieth century.
This paper is an extended version of the invited talk given by the author at the conference Trends in Logic III, dedicated to the memory of A. MOSTOWSKI, H. RASIOWA and C. RAUSZER, and held in Warsaw and Ruciane-Nida from 23rd to 25th September 2005.
Presented by Jacek Malinowski 相似文献
133.
There is ongoing debate about the extent to which nonhuman animals, like humans, can go beyond first-order perceptual information to abstract structural information from their environment. To provide more empirical evidence regarding this question, we examined what type of information great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans) gain from optical effects such as shadows and mirror images. In an initial experiment, we investigated whether apes would use mirror images and shadows to locate hidden food. We found that all examined ape species used these cues to find the food. Follow-up experiments showed that apes neither confused these optical effects with the food rewards nor did they merely associate cues with food. First, naïve chimpanzees used the shadow of the hidden food to locate it but they did not learn within the same number of trials to use a perceptually similar rubber patch as indicator of the hidden food reward. Second, apes made use of the mirror images to estimate the distance of the hidden food from their own body. Depending on the distance, apes either pointed into the direction of the food or tried to access the hidden food directly. Third, apes showed some sensitivity to the geometrical relation between mirror orientation and mirrored objects when searching hidden food. Fourth, apes tended to interpret mirror images and pictures of these mirror images differently depending on their prior knowledge. Together, these findings suggest that apes are sensitive to the optical relation between mirror images and shadows and their physical referents. 相似文献
134.
Lourdes Ezpeleta Roser Granero Núria de la Osa Esther Trepat Josep M. Domènech 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2016,44(1):115-128
This study traces the developmental course of irritability symptoms in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) from ages 3–5 and examines the psychopathological outcomes of the different trajectories at age 6. Method. A sample of 622 3-year-old preschoolers (311 were boys), followed up until age 6, was assessed yearly with a semi-structured diagnostic interview with parents and at age 6 with questionnaires answered by parents, teachers and children. Results. Growth-Mixture-Modeling yielded five trajectories of irritability levels for the whole sample (high-persistent 3.5 %, decreasing 3.8 %, increasing 2.6 %, low-persistent 44.1 % and null 46.0 %). Among the children who presented with ODD during preschool age, three trajectories of irritability symptoms resulted (high-persistent 31.9 %, decreasing 34.9 % and increasing 33.2 %). Null, low-persistent and decreasing irritability courses in the sample as a whole gave very similar discriminative capacity for children’s psychopathological state at age 6, while the increasing and high-persistent categories involved poorer clinical outcomes than the null course. For ODD children, the high-persistent and increasing trajectories of irritability predicted disruptive behavior disorders, comorbidity, high level of functional impairment, internalizing and externalizing problems and low anger control at age 6. Conclusions. Irritability identifies a subset of ODD children at high risk of poorer longitudinal psychopathological and functional outcomes. It might be clinically relevant to identify this subset of ODD children with a high number of irritability symptoms throughout development with a view to preventing comorbid and future adverse longitudinal outcomes. 相似文献
135.
The objectives of this study are: (1) to describe virtues, character strengths and coping strategies of college students; (2) to analyze the relationship between virtues, character strengths and coping strategies; and (3) to evaluate the predictive relationship between virtues and coping strategies. Ninety-one college students (98 % females), aged between 19 and 42 years (M = 23.5; SD = 4.0), completed questionnaires VIA Inventory of Strengths, and Coping Responses Inventory-Adult. Strong positive correlations were found between the six virtues and three coping strategies. Specifically, Wisdom presented a positive correlation with behavioral and cognitive approach coping. Sixteen strengths presented positive correlations with behavioral approach coping strategies and four strengths presented positive correlations with cognitive approach coping. Wisdom described 23 % of the variance in cognitive-approach coping, and Transcendence together with Temperance described 33.5 % of the variance in behavioral approach coping. We conclude that the college setting offers a rich opportunity for further studies of these relationships. 相似文献
136.
Katja?KargEmail author Martin?Schmelz Josep?Call Michael?Tomasello 《Animal cognition》2016,19(3):555-564
Although chimpanzees understand what others may see, it is unclear whether they understand how others see things (Level 2 perspective-taking). We investigated whether chimpanzees can predict the behavior of a conspecific which is holding a mistaken perspective that differs from their own. The subject competed with a conspecific over two food sticks. While the subject could see that both were the same size, to the competitor one appeared bigger than the other. In a previously established game, the competitor chose one stick in private first and the subject chose thereafter, without knowing which of the sticks was gone. Chimpanzees and 6-year-old children chose the ‘riskier’ stick (that looked bigger to the competitor) significantly less in the game than in a nonsocial control. Children chose randomly in the control, thus showing Level 2 perspective-taking skills; in contrast, chimpanzees had a preference for the ‘riskier’ stick here, rendering it possible that they attributed their own preference to the competitor to predict her choice. We thus run a follow-up in which chimpanzees did not have a preference in the control. Now, they also chose randomly in the game. We conclude that chimpanzees solved the task by attributing their own preference to the other, while children truly understood the other’s mistaken perspective. 相似文献
137.
Do apes and children know what they have seen? 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Chimpanzees and young children understand much about what other individuals have and have not seen. This study investigates
what they understand about their own visual perception. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and 2.5-year-old children were presented
with a finding game in which food or stickers were hidden in one of two or three tubes. We varied whether subjects saw the
baiting of the tubes, whether subjects could see through the tubes, and whether there was a delay between baiting and presentation
of the tubes to subjects. We measured not only whether subjects chose the correct tube but also, more importantly, whether
they spontaneously looked into one or more of the tubes before choosing one. Most apes and children appropriately looked into
the tubes before choosing one more often when they had not seen the baiting than when they had seen the baiting. In general,
they used efficient search strategies more often than insufficient or excessive ones. Implications of subjects' search patterns
for their understanding of seeing and knowing in the self are discussed.
Accepted after revision: 7 January 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
138.
139.
Josep E. Corbí 《European Journal of Philosophy》2017,25(4):1718-1738
Abstract: In The View From Here, Jay Wallace emphasises that an agent's capacity to regret a past decision is conditioned by the attachments that she may have developed as a result. Those attachments shape the point of view from which she retrospectively deliberates. Wallace stresses, however, that not every normative aspect of her decision is affected by this change in perspective, because her decision will remain as unjustified as it was in the past. I will argue, however, that this approach to justification is inconsistent with the normative import that Wallace ascribes to the actual dynamics of our attachments in his defence of the rationale of regret. If I am right, Wallace's approach is caught in the following dilemma: Either he renounces a nonperspectival approach to justification or he revises his view about the normative import of the actual dynamics of our attachments. 相似文献
140.
Juliane Kaminski Sebastian Tempelmann Josep Call Michael Tomasello 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):831-837
A key skill in early human development is the ability to comprehend communicative intentions as expressed in both nonlinguistic gestures and language. In the current studies, we confronted domestic dogs (some of whom knew many human ‘words’) with a task in which they had to infer the intended referent of a human's communicative act via iconic signs – specifically, replicas and photographs. Both trained and untrained dogs successfully used iconic replicas to fetch the desired item, with many doing so from the first trial. Dogs’ ability to use photographs in this same situation was less consistent. Because simple matching to sample in experimental contexts typically takes hundreds of trials (and because similarity between iconic sign and target item did not predict success), we propose that dogs’ skillful performance in the current task reflects important aspects of the comprehension of human communicative intentions. 相似文献