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191.
Janssen JP 《Perceptual and motor skills》2004,98(2):487-506
The methodological and empirical foundations underlying the theories on human left-handedness are examined, including the definition and classification of left-handedness, its relation to pathology, and the results on family, adoption, and twin research. It is argued that major research findings on left-handedness are based on inadequate empirical methods, and the concrete definitions and assessment procedures do not meet validity and reliability criteria. This also casts doubt on the relationship between left-handedness and pathology reported in the literature. Furthermore, findings from family, adoption, and twin studies do not allow interpretation of possible direct genetic contributions to explaining left-handedness. It is concluded that the methodological limitations of a causal explanation should encourage an examination of the epistemological and methodological premises of theory formulation. The functional method and a theoretical framework based on early childhood experiences and the neural plasticity of the brain may be more appropriate for the selection of empirical methods in research of human left-handedness. 相似文献
192.
Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) refers to a polysymptomatic condition, similar to somatoform disorders. Various processes seem to contribute to its yet unknown etiology. Attention and memory for somatic symptom and IEI-trigger words was compared among participants with IEI (n = 54), somatoform disorders (SFD; n = 44) and control participants (n = 54). Groups did not differ in a dot-probe task. However, in an emotional Stroop task, attention was biased in IEI and SFD groups toward symptom words but not toward IEI-trigger words. Only the IEI group rated trigger words as more unpleasant and more arousing, and participants remembered them better in a recognition task. These implicit and explicit cognitive abnormalities in IEI and SFD may maintain processes of somatosensory amplification. 相似文献
193.
Van Steendam G Dinnyés A Mallet J Meloni R Casabona CR González JG Kure J Szathmáry E Vorstenbosch J Molnár P Edbrooke D Sándor J Oberfrank F Cole-Turner R Hargittai I Littig B Ladikas M Mordini E Roosendaal HE Salvi M Gulyás B Malpede D 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(4):731-793
This paper reports on the meeting of the Sounding Board of the EU Reprogenetics Project that was held in Budapest, Hungary, 6-9 November 2005. The Reprogenetics Project runs from 2004 until 2007 and has a brief to study the ethical aspects of human reproductive cloning and germline gene therapy. Discussions during The Budapest Meeting are reported in depth in this paper as well as the initiatives to involve the participating groups and others in ongoing collaborations with the goal of forming an integrated network of European resources in the fields of ethics of science. 相似文献
194.
Computer-based studies usually produce log files as raw data. These data cannot be analyzed adequately with conventional statistical
software. The Chemnitz LogAnalyzer provides tools for quick and comfortable visualization and analyses of hypertext navigation
behavior by individual users and for aggregated data. In addition, it supports analogous analyses of questionnaire data and
reanalysis with respect to several predefined orders of nodes of the same hypertext. As an illustration of how to use the
Chemnitz LogAnalyzer, we give an account of one study on learning with hypertext. Participants either searched for specific
details or read a hypertext document to familiarize themselves with its content. The tool helped identify navigation strategies
affected by these two processing goals and provided comparisons, for example, of processing times and visited sites. Altogether,
the Chemnitz LogAnalyzer fills the gap between log files as raw data of Web-based studies and conventional statistical software. 相似文献
195.
Josef Nerb 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(7):1382-1413
This paper presents a computational model of emotions that is based in an appraisal theoretical framework. The model explores the dynamics of the appraisal–emotion relationship using parallel constraint satisfaction. It proposes belief coherence, desire coherence and belief–desire coherence as basic principles and specifies how these principles can be realised in a parallel constraint satisfaction system. The model shows that the very same mechanisms that account for the formation of coherence or consistency are also pivotal for the emergence and alteration of emotional states and for the dynamics of the cognition–emotion relationship. Concrete simulation examples show how discrete emotions such as anger, pride, sadness, shame, surprise, relief and disappointment emerge out of these principles. 相似文献
196.
A common finding is that information order influences belief revision (e.g., Hogarth & Einhorn, 1992). We tested personal experience as a possible mitigator. In three experiments participants experienced the probabilistic relationship between pieces of information and object category through a series of trials where they assigned objects (planes) into one of two possible categories (hostile or commercial), given two sequentially presented pieces of probabilistic information (route and ID), and then they had to indicate their belief about the object category before feedback. The results generally confirm the predictions from the Hogarth and Einhorn model. Participants showed a recency effect in their belief revision. Extending previous model evaluations the results indicate that the model predictions also hold for classification decisions, and for pieces of information that vary in their diagnostic values. Personal experience does not appear to prevent order effects in classification decisions based on sequentially presented pieces of information and in belief revision. 相似文献
197.
Eimear Murphy Lynn Kraak Rebecca E. Nordquist Franz Josef van der Staay 《Animal cognition》2013,16(6):883-893
We studied the ability of pigs to discriminate tone cues using successive and conditional discrimination tasks. Pigs (n = 8) were trained in a successive discrimination Go/No-Go task (Experiment 1) to associate a Go-cue with a reward at the end of a runway and a No-Go-cue with the absence of reward. Latency to reach the goal-box was recorded for each cue-type. Learning of a conditional discrimination task was compared between low-birthweight (LBW, n = 5) and normal-birthweight (NBW, n = 6) pigs (Experiment 2) and between conventional farm (n = 7) and Göttingen miniature (n = 8) pigs (Experiment 3). In this active-choice task, one cue signalled a response in a right goal-box was correct and a second cue signalled a response in a left goal-box was correct. Cues were differentially rewarded. The number of sessions to learn the discrimination and number of correct choices per cue-type were recorded. In Experiment 1, four out of eight pigs showed learning on the task, that is, a higher latency to respond to the No-Go-cue, within 25 sessions. In Experiment 2, eight out of 11 pigs learned the discrimination within 46 sessions. LBW learners learned faster than NBW learners. In Experiment 3, all 15 pigs learned the task within 16 sessions. Göttingen miniature pigs learned faster than conventional farm pigs. While some methodological issues may improve the Go/No-Go design, it is suggested that an active-choice task yields clearer and more consistent results than one relying on latency alone. 相似文献
198.
Daniel Memmert Stefanie Hüttermann Josef Orliczek 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(10):2163-2167
According to Higgins, the regulatory focus theory states that in terms of motivational information processing, it makes a difference whether people have a promotion or prevention focus. A focus on aspirations is labeled as promotion focus, whereas a focus on responsibility is called prevention focus. In our study, the theory will be applied to the area of sport decision making. We showed that soccer players make different decisions in a sport‐specific divergent‐thinking task depending on their regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention). Promotion‐framed athletes were able to produce more original, flexible, and adequate solutions than prevention‐framed athletes. Theoretical and practical implications for sport psychology are discussed. 相似文献
199.
Noam Josef Ofri Mann António V. Sykes Graziano Fiorito João Reis Steven Maccusker Nadav Shashar 《Animal cognition》2014,17(6):1393-1400
Studies concerning the perceptual processes of animals are not only interesting, but are fundamental to the understanding of other developments in information processing among non-humans. Carefully used visual illusions have been proven to be an informative tool for understanding visual perception. In this behavioral study, we demonstrate that cuttlefish are responsive to visual cues involving texture gradients. Specifically, 12 out of 14 animals avoided swimming over a solid surface with a gradient picture that to humans resembles an illusionary crevasse, while only 5 out of 14 avoided a non-illusionary texture. Since texture gradients are well-known cues for depth perception in vertebrates, we suggest that these cephalopods were responding to the depth illusion created by the texture density gradient. Density gradients and relative densities are key features in distance perception in vertebrates. Our results suggest that they are fundamental features of vision in general, appearing also in cephalopods. 相似文献
200.
In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in (mini) pigs (Sus scrofa) as species for cognitive research. A major reason for this is their physiological and anatomical similarity with humans.
For example, pigs possess a well-developed, large brain. Assessment of the learning and memory functions of pigs is not only
relevant to human research but also to animal welfare, given the nature of current farming practices and the demands they
make on animal health and behavior. In this article, we review studies of pig cognition, focusing on the underlying processes
and mechanisms, with a view to identifying. Our goal is to aid the selection of appropriate cognitive tasks for research into
pig cognition. To this end, we formulated several basic criteria for pig cognition tests and then applied these criteria and
knowledge about pig-specific sensorimotor abilities and behavior to evaluate the merits, drawbacks, and limitations of the
different types of tests used to date. While behavioral studies using (mini) pigs have shown that this species can perform
learning and memory tasks, and much has been learned about pig cognition, results have not been replicated or proven replicable
because of the lack of validated, translational behavioral paradigms that are specially suited to tap specific aspects of
pig cognition. We identified several promising types of tasks for use in studies of pig cognition, such as versatile spatial
free-choice type tasks that allow the simultaneous measurement of several behavioral domains. The use of appropriate tasks
will facilitate the collection of reliable and valid data on pig cognition. 相似文献