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971.
The contribution of the dorsal subiculum (DS) and of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) to memory for distinct and overlapping visual stimuli was examined. Rats with selective lesions of the DS or the DH were compared to sham-operated rats on a delayed matching-to-place task guided by distal visual cues in a modified radial-arm maze. Overlapping distal visual cues could be perceived from three arm entrances (adjacent arms) and a unique set of distal cues were more likely to be seen from the other two arm entrances (distinct arms). Rats with DS lesions were impaired on trials with baited adjacent arms, but not on trials with baited distinct arms. Rats with DH lesions were impaired on both types of trials. These results suggest that the DS and the DH are necessary for pattern separation and that they may have different contributions to memory. 相似文献
972.
Individuals with low Need for Cognition (NFC) have been found to process information using a peripheral route compared to
individuals higher in NFC. These differences affect the formation of performance expectancies. Based on previous work demonstrating
that the formation of performance expectancies can be understood as an information processing event and that inferring expectancies
from the specific self-concept requires cognitive motivation, we tested whether students with higher NFC had performance expectancies
in a specific subject that more strongly depended on specific self-concept. The participants (554 tenth grade students) reported
their NFC, performance expectancies, general self-concept, and specific self-concepts in mathematics and English. Actual performance
was assessed for mathematics. Multiple linear regressions supported the interaction-hypothesis concerning performance expectancies
in mathematics and English. In addition, the higher the students’ NFC, the stronger actual performance in mathematics related
to the specific self-concept. The results suggested that performance expectancies mediated the effect of self-concept on performance.
NFC is an important variable influencing motivational processes, and should be included in models describing the relation
between self-concepts and individuals beliefs or behaviors. 相似文献
973.
974.
José Carlos Del Ama 《Human Studies》2009,32(4):441-460
Honor has been an indispensable reference in the life of individuals and societies throughout the course of human history.
As a basic concern of men and women, the phenomenon already appears in the earliest literary testimonies. The heroes of the
Greek, Roman or German epic poems adapt their behavior to the demands of this particular deity, honor. Literature, at any
time, in any culture, in any language, makes constant use of honor as an effective dramatic element. The recurrent presence
is certainly a reflection of the actual significance the phenomenon of honor had in everyone’s life. This essay clarifies
why honor is given such importance; why it has been considered to be more valuable for the individual than his/her own life.
To this end, the mention of public opinion is unavoidable. This phenomenon, in its social psychological conception, is the
key that permits us to enlighten the labyrinth of honor. 相似文献
975.
Jüri Allik Anu Realo René Mõttus Helle Pullmann Anastasia Trifonova Robert R. McCrae 《欧洲人格杂志》2009,23(7):567-588
Data were collected by the members of the Russian character and personality survey from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college‐aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Factor analyses within samples showed that the factor structure of an international sample combining data from 50 different cultures was well replicated in all 39 Russian samples. Sex differences replicated the known pattern in all samples, demonstrating that women scored higher than men on most of the neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness facet scales. Cross‐sectional analyses demonstrated consistent age differences for four factors: Older individuals compared to younger ones were less extraverted and open but more agreeable and conscientious. The mean levels of traits were similar in all 39 samples. Although in general personality traits in Russians closely followed the universal pattern, some reliable culture‐specific effects were also found that future studies can help interpret. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
976.
André Knops Arnaud Viarouge Stanislas Dehaene 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(4):803-821
When we add or subtract, do the corresponding quantities “move” along a mental number line? Does this internal movement lead to spatial biases? A new method was designed to investigate the psychophysics of approximate arithmetic. Addition and subtraction problems were presented either with sets of dots or with Arabic numerals, and subjects selected, from among seven choices, the most plausible result. In two experiments, the subjects selected larger numbers for addition than for subtraction problems, as if moving too far along the number line. This operational momentum effect was present in both notations and increased with the size of the outcome. Furthermore, we observed a new effect of spatial-numerical congruence, related to but distinct from the spatial numerical association of response codes effect: During nonsymbolic addition, the subjects preferentially selected numbers at the upper right location, whereas during subtraction, they were biased toward the upper left location. These findings suggest that approximate mental arithmetic involves dynamic shifts on a spatially organized mental representation of numbers. Supplemental materials for this study may be downloaded from app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
977.
978.
José Luis Bermúdez 《Analysis》2000,60(268):309-319
979.
980.
There is an important class of conditionals whose assertibility conditions are not given by the Ramsey test but by an inductive extension of that test. Such inductive Ramsey conditionals fail to satisfy some of the core properties of plain conditionals. Associated principles of nonmonotonic inference should not be assumed to hold generally if interpretations in terms of induction or appeals to total evidence are not to be ruled out. 相似文献