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991.
Milena Paneque Carolina Lemos Alda Sousa Luis Velázquez Manuela Fleming Jorge Sequeiros 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):483-493
To identify possible factors affecting the psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia type
2 (SCA2) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP ATTRV30M), we studied (1) the effect of previous experience with the disease
in the family, (2) kinship with the closest affected relative and (3) gender of affected parent, when adapting to test results;
as well as (4) differences in the course of psychological wellbeing in 63 subjects ( 28 at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M, and 35 at
risk for SCA2), who pursued predictive testing for these diseases, in Cuba and in Portugal. Our research shows that individuals
with little or no experience with the disease in their family exhibited more anxiety; at-risk subjects for SCA2 or FAP ATTRV30M
who had a first degree relative with the disease showed lower levels of anxiety and depression during pre-symptomatic testing.
Also those with an affected mother had lower levels of depression, either immediately, or one year after receipt of test results.
Adaptation to pre-symptomatic testing results differed for subjects at-risk for the two different conditions. Unlike the FAP
ATTRV30M families, carriers for SCA2 reported pathological levels of depression immediately after-testing (3 weeks), although
those levels had returned to normal levels at 6 months. Subjects at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M tended to have less anxiety than
those tested for SCA2, at the one-year follow-up. Overall, depression levels improved over time, while anxiety remained more
constant. A longer awareness of the disease in the family, closer kinship, and a transmitting mother all lessened the impact
of pre-symptomatic testing, as expressed by the post-test levels of anxiety and depression. 相似文献
992.
Input control theories of the attentional blink (AB) suggest that this deficit results from impaired attentional selection
caused by the post-Target 1 (T1) distractor (Di Lollo, Kawahara, Ghorashi, & Enns, 2005; Olivers, van der Stigchel, & Hulleman,
2007). Accordingly, these theories predict that there should be no AB when no distractors intervene between the targets. Contrary
to these hypotheses, Dux, Asplund, and Marois (2008) observed an AB (T3 deficit) when three targets, from the same attentional
set, were presented successively in a rapid stream of distractors, if subjects increased the resources they devoted to T1
processing. This result is consistent with resource depletion accounts of the AB. However, Olivers, Spalek, Kawahara, and
Di Lollo (2009) argue that Dux et al.’s results can be better explained by the relationship between T1 and T2, and by target
discriminability effects, rather than by the relationship between T1 and T3. Here, we find that manipulating the resources
subjects devote to T1, either exogenously (target perceptual salience) or endogenously (target task relevance), affects T3
performance, even when T2 and target discriminability differences are controlled for. These results support Dux et al.’s conclusion
that T1 resource depletion underlies the AB. 相似文献
993.
994.
Traditionally, liberals have confined religion to the sphere of the ‘private’ or ‘non-political’. However, recent debates
over the place of religious symbols in public spaces, state financing of faith schools, and tax relief for religious organisations
suggest that this distinction is not particularly useful in easing the tension between liberal commitments to equality on
the one hand, and freedom of religion on the other. This article deals with one aspect of this debate, which concerns whether
members of religious communities should receive exemptions from regulations that place a distinctively heavy burden on them.
Drawing on Habermas’ understanding of churches as ‘communities of interpretation’, we explore possible alternatives to both
the ‘rule-and-exemption’ approach and the ‘neutralist’ approach. Our proposal rests on the idea of mutual learning between
secular and religious perspectives. On this interpretation, what is required is (i) the generation and maintenance of public
spaces in which there could be discussion and dialogue about particular cases, and (ii) evaluation of whether the basic conditions
of moral discourse are present in these spaces. Thus deliberation becomes a touchstone for the building of a shared democratic
ethos. 相似文献
995.
Maturational changes in the capacity to process quickly the temporal envelope of sound have been linked to language abilities in typically developing individuals. As part of a longitudinal study of brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence, we employed dense‐array EEG and spatiotemporal source analysis to characterize maturational changes in the timing of brain responses to temporal variations in sound. We found significant changes in the brain responses compared longitudinally at two time points in early adolescence, namely 10 years (65 subjects) and 11.5 years (60 of the 65 subjects), as well as large differences between adults, studied with the same protocol ( Poulsen, Picton & Paus, 2007 ), and the children at 10 and 11.5 years of age. The transient auditory evoked potential to tone onset showed decreases in the latency of vertex and T‐complex components, and a highly significant increase in the amplitude of the N1 wave with increasing age. The auditory steady state response to a 40‐Hz frequency‐modulated tone increased in amplitude with increasing age. The peak frequency of the envelope‐following response to sweeps of amplitude‐modulated white noise also increased significantly with increasing age. These results indicate persistent maturation of the cortical mechanisms for auditory processing from childhood into middle adulthood. 相似文献
996.
Ágnes Melinda Kovács 《Developmental science》2009,12(1):48-54
In their first years, children's understanding of mental states seems to improve dramatically, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are still unclear. Such ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) abilities may arise during development, or have an innate basis, developmental changes reflecting limitations of other abilities involved in ToM tasks (e.g. inhibition). Special circumstances such as early bilingualism may enhance ToM development or other capacities required by ToM tasks. Here we compare 3‐year‐old bilinguals and monolinguals on a standard ToM task, a modified ToM task and a control task involving physical reasoning. The modified ToM task mimicked a language‐switch situation that bilinguals often encounter and that could influence their ToM abilities. If such experience contributes to an early consolidation of ToM in bilinguals, they should be selectively enhanced in the modified task. In contrast, if bilinguals have an advantage due to better executive inhibitory abilities involved in ToM tasks, they should outperform monolinguals on both ToM tasks, inhibitory demands being similar. Bilingual children showed an advantage on the two ToM tasks but not on the control task. The precocious success of bilinguals may be associated with their well‐developed control functions formed during monitoring and selecting languages. 相似文献
997.
Katrin Skoruppa Ferran Pons Anne Christophe Laura Bosch Emmanuel Dupoux Núria Sebastián‐Gallés Rita Alves Limissuri Sharon Peperkamp 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):914-919
During the first year of life, infants begin to have difficulties perceiving non‐native vowel and consonant contrasts, thus adapting their perception to the phonetic categories of the target language. In this paper, we examine the perception of a non‐segmental feature, i.e. stress. Previous research with adults has shown that speakers of French (a language with fixed stress) have great difficulties in perceiving stress contrasts ( Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastián & Mehler, 1997 ), whereas speakers of Spanish (a language with lexically contrastive stress) perceive these contrasts as accurately as segmental contrasts. We show that language‐specific differences in the perception of stress likewise arise during the first year of life. Specifically, 9‐month‐old Spanish infants successfully distinguish between stress‐initial and stress‐final pseudo‐words, while French infants of this age show no sign of discrimination. In a second experiment using multiple tokens of a single pseudo‐word, French infants of the same age successfully discriminate between the two stress patterns, showing that they are able to perceive the acoustic correlates of stress. Their failure to discriminate stress patterns in the first experiment thus reflects an inability to process stress at an abstract, phonological level. 相似文献
998.
The aims of this study are to consider the experience of flow from a nonlinear dynamics perspective. The processes and temporal
nature of intrinsic motivation and flow, would suggest that flow experiences fluctuate over time in a dynamical fashion. Thus
it can be argued that the potential for chaos is strong. The sample was composed of 20 employees (both full and part time)
recruited from a number of different organizations and work backgrounds. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was used for
data collection. Once obtained the temporal series, they were subjected to various analyses proper to the complexity theory
(Visual Recurrence Analysis and Surrogate Data Analysis). Results showed that in 80% of the cases, flow presented a chaotic
dynamic, in that, flow experiences delineated a complex dynamic whose patterns of change were not easy to predict. Implications
of the study, its limitations and future research are discussed. 相似文献
999.
In the present study, we proposed a modification in one of the most frequently applied effect-size procedures in single-case
data analysis: the percentage of nonoverlapping data. In contrast with other techniques, the calculus and interpretation of
this procedure are straightforward and can be easily complemented by visual inspection of the graphed data. Although the percentage
of nonoverlapping data has been found to perform reasonably well in N = 1 data, the magnitude of effect estimates that it yields can be distorted by trend and autocorrelation. Therefore, the
data-correction procedure focuses on removing the baseline trend from data prior to estimating the change produced in the
behavior as a result of intervention. A simulation study was carried out in order to compare the original and the modified
procedures in several experimental conditions. The results suggest that the new proposal is unaffected by trend and autocorrelation
and that it can be used in case of unstable baselines and sequentially related measurements. 相似文献
1000.