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71.
Milena Paneque Carolina Lemos Alda Sousa Luis Velázquez Manuela Fleming Jorge Sequeiros 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):483-493
To identify possible factors affecting the psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia type
2 (SCA2) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP ATTRV30M), we studied (1) the effect of previous experience with the disease
in the family, (2) kinship with the closest affected relative and (3) gender of affected parent, when adapting to test results;
as well as (4) differences in the course of psychological wellbeing in 63 subjects ( 28 at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M, and 35 at
risk for SCA2), who pursued predictive testing for these diseases, in Cuba and in Portugal. Our research shows that individuals
with little or no experience with the disease in their family exhibited more anxiety; at-risk subjects for SCA2 or FAP ATTRV30M
who had a first degree relative with the disease showed lower levels of anxiety and depression during pre-symptomatic testing.
Also those with an affected mother had lower levels of depression, either immediately, or one year after receipt of test results.
Adaptation to pre-symptomatic testing results differed for subjects at-risk for the two different conditions. Unlike the FAP
ATTRV30M families, carriers for SCA2 reported pathological levels of depression immediately after-testing (3 weeks), although
those levels had returned to normal levels at 6 months. Subjects at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M tended to have less anxiety than
those tested for SCA2, at the one-year follow-up. Overall, depression levels improved over time, while anxiety remained more
constant. A longer awareness of the disease in the family, closer kinship, and a transmitting mother all lessened the impact
of pre-symptomatic testing, as expressed by the post-test levels of anxiety and depression. 相似文献
72.
73.
Pierre Perruchet Annie Vinter Chantal Pacteau Jorge Gallego 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2002,55(2):485-503
A total of 78 adult participants were asked to read a sample of strings generated by a finite state grammar and, immediately after reading each string, to mark the natural segmentation positions with a slash bar. They repeated the same task after a phase of familiarization with the material, which consisted, depending on the group involved, of learning items by rote, performing a shortterm matching task, or searching for the rules of the grammar. Participants formed the same number of cognitive units before and after the training phase, thus indicating that they did not tend to form increasingly large units. However, the number of different units reliably decreased, whatever the task that participants had performed during familiarization. This result indicates that segmentation was increasingly consistent with the structure of the grammar. A theoretical account of this phenomenon, based on ubiquitous principles of associative memory and learning, is proposed. This account is supported by the ability of a computer model implementing those principles, PARSER, to reproduce the observed pattern of results. The implications of this study for developmental theories aimed at accounting for how children become able to parse sensory input into physically and linguistically relevant units are discussed. 相似文献
74.
We present here the lineaments of a new account of implicit learning, an account that does not rely on the notion of “implicit knowledge.” In this account, improved performance depends on the action of unconscious mechanisms that structure the phenomenal, conscious experience of the world. This integrative view makes groundless the search for dissociations between conscious and unconscious influences that has been at the core of the research on implicit learning and memory. We contrast this view, on the one hand, to Dienes and Berry’s (1997) proposal, which defines implicit learning by analogy with subliminal perception, and, on the other, to Neal and Hesketh’s (1997) episodic account, in which subjective experience is a starting point for inquiry, rather than the phenomenon requiring explanation. 相似文献
75.
76.
David M. A. Cowie Jorge Perez-Cruet 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1967,2(3):216-226
The present study was designed to determine the effects of cathodal polarization on the establishment of motor conditional reflexes (CR's), with faradic shock as reinforcement. Ten dogs were used as controls and another seven as experimental subjects (ES's). In the ES's, stainless-steel electrodes were implanted on the face, infraorbitally, for chronic polarization. Four days later the ES's were trained in a soundproof room with classical conditioning procedures while they were co9nstantly polarized with direct current (1 to 2 ma). Control dogs showed strong (+3 and +4) motor CR's within the first 50reinforced trials, with differentiation after 50 trials. In contrast, the ES's showed poor motor conditioning: six ES's showed poor motor CR's in the first 50 reinforced trials. Only one ES showed prompt, good motor CR's. The fact that cathodal polarization interferes with theestablishment of motor CR's suggests an inhibitory effect on the acquisition of musculoskeletal CR's. It is possible that the inhibitory effects observed are related to the depression produced by cathodal polarization in humans. 相似文献
77.
Mario Gálvez-Lara Jorge Corpas Eliana Moreno José F. Venceslá Araceli Sánchez-Raya Juan A. Moriana 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2018,21(3):366-387
In recent decades, the evidence on psychological treatments for children and adolescents has increased considerably. Several organizations have proposed different criteria to evaluate the evidence of psychological treatment in this age group. The aim of this study was to analyze evidence-based treatments drawn from RCTs, reviews, meta-analyses, guides and lists provided by four leading international organizations. The institutions reviewed were the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (Division 53) of the American Psychological Association, Cochrane Collaboration and the Australian Psychological Society in relation to mental disorders in children and adolescents. A total of 137 treatments were analyzed for 17 mental disorders and compared to determine the level of agreement among the organizations. The results indicate that, in most cases, there is little agreement among organizations and that there are several discrepancies within certain disorders. These results require reflection on the meaning attributed to evidence-based treatments with regard to psychological treatments in children and adolescents. The possible reasons for these differences could be explained by a combination of different issues: the procedures or committees may be biased, different studies were reviewed, different criteria are used by the organizations or the reviews of existing evidence were conducted in different time periods. 相似文献
78.
Alison Montagrin Virginie Sterpenich Tobias Brosch Didier Grandjean Jorge Armony Leonardo Ceravolo David Sander 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(6):1269-1282
Emotional situations are typically better remembered than neutral situations, but the psychological conditions and brain mechanisms underlying this effect remain debated. Stimulus valence and affective arousal have been suggested to explain the major role of emotional stimuli in memory facilitation. However, neither valence nor arousal are sufficient affective dimensions to explain the effect of memory facilitation. Several studies showed that negative and positive details are better remembered than neutral details. However, other studies showed that neutral information encoded and coupled with arousal did not result in a memory advantage compared with neutral information not coupled with arousal. Therefore, we suggest that the fundamental affective dimension responsible for memory facilitation is goal relevance. To test this hypothesis at behavioral and neural levels, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study and used neutral faces embedded in goal-relevant or goal-irrelevant daily life situations. At the behavioral level, we found that neutral faces encountered in goal-relevant situations were better remembered than those encountered in goal-irrelevant situations. To explain this effect, we studied neural activations involved in goal-relevant processing at encoding and in subsequent neutral face recognition. At encoding, activation of emotional brain regions (anterior cingulate, ventral striatum, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra) was greater for processing of goal-relevant situations than for processing of goal-irrelevant situations. At the recognition phase, despite the presentation of neutral faces, brain activation involved in social processing (superior temporal sulcus) to successfully remember identities was greater for previously encountered faces in goal-relevant than in goal-irrelevant situations. 相似文献
79.
Elena Canzi Rosa Rosnati Jesús Palacios Maite Román 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2018,15(5):517-530
Research is consistent in showing that international adoption is an intervention leading to great recovery for adopted children, but there is a need of research on factors associated with recovery. The present study is aimed at: (a) assessing children’s cognitive skills and social-emotional dimensions on their arrival to their new family; (b) evaluating their development after one year; (c) identifying which factors influence development, taking into account children’s gender, age, health status on arrival, years of institutionalization, and the initial psychological delay. Participants were 53 internationally adopted children (30 boys and 23 girls), aged 5.68 years old on average at placement (range 2–14). Results showed that children’s development one year after adoption was extraordinary, both in cognitive skills and in social-emotional dimensions. The children more delayed on arrival showed the larger progress over time, and their recovery was greater in cognitive skills than in social-emotional dimensions. 相似文献
80.
Goñi J Arrondo G Sepulcre J Martincorena I Vélez de Mendizábal N Corominas-Murtra B Bejarano B Ardanza-Trevijano S Peraita H Wall DP Villoslada P 《Cognitive processing》2011,12(2):183-196
Semantic memory is the subsystem of human memory that stores knowledge of concepts or meanings, as opposed to life-specific experiences. How humans organize semantic information remains poorly understood. In an effort to better understand this issue, we conducted a verbal fluency experiment on 200 participants with the aim of inferring and representing the conceptual storage structure of the natural category of animals as a network. This was done by formulating a statistical framework for co-occurring concepts that aims to infer significant concept-concept associations and represent them as a graph. The resulting network was analyzed and enriched by means of a missing links recovery criterion based on modularity. Both network models were compared to a thresholded co-occurrence approach. They were evaluated using a random subset of verbal fluency tests and comparing the network outcomes (linked pairs are clustering transitions and disconnected pairs are switching transitions) to the outcomes of two expert human raters. Results show that the network models proposed in this study overcome a thresholded co-occurrence approach, and their outcomes are in high agreement with human evaluations. Finally, the interplay between conceptual structure and retrieval mechanisms is discussed. 相似文献