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941.
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Bard KA 《Animal cognition》2007,10(2):233-242
Primate species differ in their imitative performance, perhaps reflecting differences in imitative capacity. The developmentally
earliest form of imitation in humans, neonatal imitation, occurs in early interactions with social partners, and may be a
more accurate index of innate capacity than imitation of actions on objects, which requires more cognitive ability. This study
assessed imitative capacity in five neonatal chimpanzees, within a narrow age range (7–15 days of age), by testing responses
to facial and vocal actions with two different test paradigms (structured and communicative). Imitation of mouth opening was
found in both paradigms. In the communicative paradigm, significant agreement was found between infant actions and demonstrations.
Additionally, chimpanzees matched the sequence of three actions of the TC model, but only on the second demonstration. Newborn
chimpanzees matched more modeled actions in the communicative test than in the structured paradigm. These performances of
chimpanzees, at birth, are in agreement with the literature, supporting a conclusion that imitative capacity is not unique
to the human species. Developmental histories must be more fully considered in the cross-species study of imitation, as there
is a greater degree of innate imitative capacity than previously known. Socialization practices interact with innate and developing
competencies to determine the outcome of imitation tests later in life. 相似文献
943.
In two studies, we found consistent correlations among gender, self-consciousness, and high-risk sexual behavior in college
students. Men higher in public self-con-sciousness reported more sexual partners, but less pleasurable sexual experiences.
Among women higher in private self-consciousness, using sex to assuage feelings of loneliness was associated with a greater
number of sexual partners. However, higher levels of private self-consciousness coupled with a view of sex as a way to satisfy
emotional needs predicted fewer sexual partners. A closer examination of how self-consciousness, attitudes toward sexual activity,
and gender influence decisions to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors is proposed. 相似文献
944.
W Boucsein F Schaefer E N Sokolov C Schr?der J J Furedy 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2001,36(2):137-153
A framework for accounting for emotional phenomena proposed by Sokolov and Boucsein (2000) employs conceptual dimensions that parallel those of hue, brightness, and saturation in color vision. The approach that employs the concepts of emotional quality. intensity, and saturation has been supported by psychophysical emotional scaling data gathered from a few trained observers. We report cortical evoked potential data obtained during the change between different emotions expressed in schematic faces. Twenty-five subjects (13 male, 12 female) were presented with a positive, a negative, and a neutral computer-generated face with random interstimulus intervals in a within-subjects design, together with four meaningful and four meaningless control stimuli made up from the same elements. Frontal, central, parietal, and temporal ERPs were recorded from each hemisphere. Statistically significant outcomes in the P300 and N200 range support the potential fruitfulness of the proposed color-vision-model-based approach to human emotional space. 相似文献
945.
Sverker Sikstr?m 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2001,8(3):408-438
The mirror effect refers to a rather general empirical finding showing that, for two classes of stimuli, the class with the higher hit rates also has a lower false alarm rate. In this article, a parsimonious theory is proposed to account for the mirror effect regarding, specifically, high- and low-frequency items and the associated receiver-operating curves. The theory is implemented in a recurrent network in which one layer represents items and the other represents contexts. It is shown that the frequency mirror effect is found in this simple network if the decision is based on counting the number of active nodes in such a way that performance is optimal or near optimal. The optimal performance requires that the number of active nodes is low, only nodes active in the encoded representation are counted, the activation threshold is set between the old and the new distributions, and normalization is based on the variance of the input. Owing to the interference caused by encoding the to-be-recognized item in several preexperimental contexts, the variance of the input to the context layer is greater for highthan for low-frequency items, which yields lower hit rates and higher false alarm rates for high- than for low-frequency items. Although initially the theory was proposed to account for the mirror effect with respect to word frequency, subsequent simulations have shown that the theory also accounts for strength-based mirror effects within a list and between lists. In this case, consistent with experimental data, the variance theory suggests that focusing attention to the more difficult class within a list affects the hit rate, but not the false alarm rate and not the standard deviations of the underlying density, leading to no mirror effect. 相似文献
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Much research within decision-making has used the standard gambling paradigm, where decision outcomes depend only on chance. Many real life decisions, however, imply personal control over decision outcomes. This paper addressed the question of how internal controllability influences decision-making. Internal controllability is assumed (i) to enhance unrealistic optimism and (ii) to result in a better cost:benefit ratio. Both tendencies support each other and predict an enhanced attractiveness for internal and controllable choice options. Participants read a scenario and made a decision afterwards. Results supported the prediction: decision-makers take the option they can personally control. This finding widens the narrow perspective inherent in much previous research based on the gambling paradigm. 相似文献
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