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101.
This paper analyzes the modulator role of job involvement in the relationship between stress and job satisfaction, using the OSI (Occupational Stress Indicator) model. For this purpose, we analyzed: six sources of stress, the OSI job satisfaction results, and a job involvement scale. The sample consisted of 779 professional soldiers from the Spanish Army. The results show that when the levels of the two dimensions job involvement (psychological identification and job-related feelings of duty-obligation are high, stress due to achievements and career development and social relationships will have no influence on job satisfaction. However, we found higher job satisfaction, even when stress is high, in those situations where psychological identification is low and job-related feelings of duty-obligation are high. 相似文献
102.
We investigated the effects of visual speech information (articulatory gestures) on the perception of second language (L2)
sounds. Previous studies have demonstrated that listeners often fail to hear the difference between certain non-native phonemic
contrasts, such as in the case of Spanish native speakers regarding the Catalan sounds /ɛ/ and /e/. Here, we tested whether
adding visual information about the articulatory gestures (i.e., lip movements) could enhance this perceptual ability. We
found that, for auditory-only presentations, Spanish-dominant bilinguals failed to show sensitivity to the /ɛ/–/e/ contrast,
whereas Catalan-dominant bilinguals did. Yet, when the same speech events were presented audiovisually, Spanish-dominants
(as well as Catalan-dominants) were sensitive to the phonemic contrast. Finally, when the stimuli were presented only visually
(in the absence of sound), none of the two groups presented clear signs of discrimination. Our results suggest that visual
speech gestures enhance second language perception at the level of phonological processing especially by way of multisensory
integration. 相似文献
103.
Experiences with a high emotional content (aversive) tend to be stored as long-term memories; however, there are also contextual recollections, which form a significant part of our memories. Different research has shown that the insular cortex (IC) plays an important role during aversive memory formation, yet its role during incidental/non-aversive learning like pre-exposure contextual memory formation has received little attention. The objective of this research was to establish the role of cholinergic activity in the IC through its muscarinic receptors during the formation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory, as well as during pre-exposure contextual memory, using a paradigm such as latent inhibition (LI). Rats with bilateral cannulae directed into the IC were trained in the LI paradigm of IA or IA task alone. The muscarinic antagonist receptor scopolamine was infused bilaterally into the IC 5 min before the pre-exposure into the dark chamber of the IA cage, one day before the conventional IA training or during the IA training day. During the IA test, the entrance latency into the dark chamber of the IA cage was measured as an index of contextual memory. The results showed that scopolamine infused before and after IA training disrupts inhibitory avoidance memory. Also, it showed that the pre-exposed saline-infused animals (LI) had a lower entrance latency compared to the group not pre-exposed (IA). However, the group that received scopolamine into the IC before, but not after, the pre-exposure to the dark chamber, presented a similar latency to the IA group, showing a blockade of the latent inhibition of the IA. These results suggest that cholinergic activity in the insular cortex is necessary during the acquisition and consolidation of avoidance memory, but appears necessary only during the acquisition of pre-exposure non-aversive contextual memory. 相似文献
104.
José Luis Bermúdez 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(3):319-335
In Thinking without Words I develop a philosophical framework for treating some animals and human infants as genuine thinkers. This paper outlines
the aspects of this account that are most relevant to those working in animal ethics. There is a range of different levels
of cognitive sophistication in different animal species, in addition to limits to the types of thought available to non-linguistic
creatures, and it may be important for animal ethicists to take this into account in exploring issues of moral significance
and the obligations that we might or might not have to non-human animals.
I am grateful for comments on an earlier version from Robert Francescotti and Clare Palmer. 相似文献
105.
Nicole R Dorey Jesús Rosales‐Ruiz Richard Smith Bryan Lovelace Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):785-794
Self‐injurious behavior (SIB), such as self‐biting and head banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed nonhuman primates. Accounts of the etiology of SIB in primates range from ecological to physiological. However, to date, no research has examined the possible influence of social consequences delivered by handlers and keepers in the maintenance of SIB in this population. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as a potentially reinforcing consequence for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative response, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB. 相似文献
106.
Traditionally, liberals have confined religion to the sphere of the ‘private’ or ‘non-political’. However, recent debates
over the place of religious symbols in public spaces, state financing of faith schools, and tax relief for religious organisations
suggest that this distinction is not particularly useful in easing the tension between liberal commitments to equality on
the one hand, and freedom of religion on the other. This article deals with one aspect of this debate, which concerns whether
members of religious communities should receive exemptions from regulations that place a distinctively heavy burden on them.
Drawing on Habermas’ understanding of churches as ‘communities of interpretation’, we explore possible alternatives to both
the ‘rule-and-exemption’ approach and the ‘neutralist’ approach. Our proposal rests on the idea of mutual learning between
secular and religious perspectives. On this interpretation, what is required is (i) the generation and maintenance of public
spaces in which there could be discussion and dialogue about particular cases, and (ii) evaluation of whether the basic conditions
of moral discourse are present in these spaces. Thus deliberation becomes a touchstone for the building of a shared democratic
ethos. 相似文献
107.
Katrin Skoruppa Ferran Pons Anne Christophe Laura Bosch Emmanuel Dupoux Núria Sebastián‐Gallés Rita Alves Limissuri Sharon Peperkamp 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):914-919
During the first year of life, infants begin to have difficulties perceiving non‐native vowel and consonant contrasts, thus adapting their perception to the phonetic categories of the target language. In this paper, we examine the perception of a non‐segmental feature, i.e. stress. Previous research with adults has shown that speakers of French (a language with fixed stress) have great difficulties in perceiving stress contrasts ( Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastián & Mehler, 1997 ), whereas speakers of Spanish (a language with lexically contrastive stress) perceive these contrasts as accurately as segmental contrasts. We show that language‐specific differences in the perception of stress likewise arise during the first year of life. Specifically, 9‐month‐old Spanish infants successfully distinguish between stress‐initial and stress‐final pseudo‐words, while French infants of this age show no sign of discrimination. In a second experiment using multiple tokens of a single pseudo‐word, French infants of the same age successfully discriminate between the two stress patterns, showing that they are able to perceive the acoustic correlates of stress. Their failure to discriminate stress patterns in the first experiment thus reflects an inability to process stress at an abstract, phonological level. 相似文献
108.
Identifying and analyzing the construction and effectiveness of offensive plays in basketball by using systematic observation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jordi Fernandez Oleguer Camerino M. Teresa Anguera Gudberg K. Jonsson 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):719-730
In the field of sports research, there is a growing need for the rigorous collection of data that provide empirical evidence
about the complex reality they refer to. Although sports psychology research has advanced considerably in recent years, in
both extent and quality, one area of research that remains relatively unexplored is the dynamics of the sports group and the
influence of the group on its members (George & Feltz, 1995; Widmeyer, Brawley, & Carron, 1992). Key aspects in this regard
include the presence of regularities that are not detectable through visual inference or traditional methods of data analysis,
the lack of standard observation instruments, and, assuming priority, the need to develop powerful, computerized coding systems,
all of which must form part of an approach that is suitable for natural and habitual contexts. The present study is part of
a broader research project concerning ACB teams (first Spanish basketball division) and considers the interaction context
before teams try to score (where this is understood as how teams create scoring opportunities) as the core aspect that links
team play. This investigation proposes a new model of analysis for studying the effectiveness and construction of offensive
basketball plays in order to identify their outcomes, thus providing coaches with an important device for improving or consolidating
them. 相似文献
109.
Eavesdropping can be defined as the extraction of information from the interactions between other individuals. It provides
a relatively cheap way of gathering relevant information for fitness enhancement. Here, we propose that obligate avian brood
parasites, which always lay their eggs in foreign nests of individuals of other species, may eavesdrop on their host sexual
signals to locate nests of high quality individuals in which to lay their parasitic eggs. Sexual signal variation can honestly
signal parental quality. Thus, by eavesdropping on sexual signals, parasites may select high quality foster parents for their
own offspring. Such a use of sexual signals within host populations by brood parasites differs from signal exploitation theory
that proposes that parasite only use signals to locate potential host independently from signaller quality. Here, we review
the avian literature concerning host choice within a host species by obligate avian brood parasites and find evidence for
host selection within individuals of a host species on the basis of cues potentially functioning as sexually selected traits,
or at least revealing parental abilities. We have also found support for the existence of benefits linked to host selection
by avian brood parasites. Finally, one study reported on the attenuation of a sexual ornament in host populations under strong
pressure by brood parasites. Most of these findings have been interpreted as evidence for host selection by avian brood parasites
based on the conspicuousness of sexual signals. We suggest, however, that these findings may in fact reveal eavesdropping
on host signalling performance by brood parasites which would use the information extracted to choose the better individuals
among conspecifics of a given host. This provides a new perspective for the study of host selection in obligate brood parasites,
and raises interesting questions for the study of animal cognition that would deserve experimental studies. 相似文献
110.
A pilot study was carried out in university students to evaluate the effect of a health promotion program for eating disturbances and body dissatisfaction. A subgroup of 135 medical students of both sexes in their second year was selected. There were divided in three groups, high-risk students (EDI > 40) and low-risk students (EDI < 40) who participated in the program and nonparticipants as comparison group. Program had a total of 16 workshops of 90 min. A year later the different assessment measurements were compared, body image, attitudes and eating behaviours, psychopathological levels and self-esteem. Differences by gender were found on the impact of the intervention. The program presented a statistical significant improvement in body-image satisfaction, eating attitudes only in high-risk female students in the intervention group. This pilot program for eating disorder prevention in university populations can be considered effective, mainly in female populations at risk for developing an eating disorder. 相似文献