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181.
Forensic evaluations of offender populations often consider psychopathy as an integral component of these consultations. Vexing issues remain of whether psychopathic traits should be evaluated consistently irrespective of demographic characteristics (e.g. gender), comorbidity (e.g. other Axis II pathology), or setting (e.g. jail or community). The current study examined gender differences for psychopathy and Axis II traits in a nonreferred jail sample of predominantly nonviolent offenders. Participants with moderate to high levels of psychopathy evidenced substantial comorbidity, especially with Cluster B personality disorders. Facets of psychopathy and Axis II traits varied substantially across both genders. In addition, the research evaluated Lynam's Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention difficulties (HIA) model of psychopathy. These initial data found little support for the HIA model in this jail sample. In testing competing hypotheses, the HIA model was substantially better at predicting Cluster B traits than psychopathy per se. 相似文献
182.
Recent research has shown that four small dots presented in the vicinity of, but not adjacent to, a target stimulus can banish that stimulus from conscious awareness. It is thought that the mental representation of the masked stimulus is "erased" by the trailing quartet of dots. Using functional magnetic resonance adaptation, we show that there is no persisting neural representation of the successfully masked stimulus in lateral occipital cortex, a region that has been implicated in the processing of object structure. This finding rules out the alternative interpretation that a lingering neural representation is merely rendered inaccessible to consciousness, as is the fate, for example, of monocular information under conditions of binocular rivalry. 相似文献
183.
Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted
focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted
in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes
toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a
research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for
positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out
over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier
status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at
this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature
ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that
carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related
to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions.
The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors
should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when
literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors
should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information
would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services
that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant. 相似文献
184.
Ethical guidelines require school psychologists to ensure that their assessment practices are nondiscriminatory, but typical discussions on this topic neglect the possible discriminatory effects of cultural stereotypes on assessment results. Recent research on stereotype threat shows that students' knowledge of stereotype-based negative expectations about their test performance can depress their actual test performance. This paper discusses the range of conditions that promote stereotype threat and identifies important moderators and mediators of the phenomenon. Several practical suggestions are offered for school psychologists to consider when interviewing students, interpreting assessment results, and developing programs to increase schoolwide achievement. 相似文献
185.
Coping with challenge and hindrance stressors in teams: Behavioral,cognitive, and affective outcomes
Matthew J. Pearsall Aleksander P.J. Ellis Jordan H. Stein 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009
The purpose of this study was to utilize the challenge–hindrance framework to examine the discrete and combined effects of different environmental stressors on behavioral, cognitive, and affective outcomes at the team level. Results from 83 teams working on a command and control simulation indicated that the introduction of a challenge stressor positively affected team performance and transactive memory. The introduction of a hindrance stressor negatively affected team performance and transactive memory and positively affected psychological withdrawal. When the hindrance stressor was combined with the challenge stressor, teams exhibited the lowest levels of performance and transactive memory, and the highest levels of psychological withdrawal. These effects were due to the adoption of specific coping strategies by team members. Implications are discussed, as well as limitations and directions for future research. 相似文献
186.
Placing a prosodic boundary before a phrase may influence its syntactic analysis. However, the boundary’s effect depends on
the presence, size, and position of other, earlier, prosodic boundaries. In three experiments, we extend previous results
about the effect of the position of the early boundary. In sentences in which a final phrase may modify either a local verb
or an earlier verb, a boundary immediately after the first verb leads to more first-verb attachments than when the earlier
boundary appears in another position between the two verbs (Experiments 1 and 2). This effect cannot be attributed to weaker
effects of more distant boundaries (Experiment 2), but is likely due to the first verb being more prominent when a boundary
immediately follows it, since similar effects are observed when the verb is accented (Experiment 3). The results support the
informative boundary hypothesis and show that the impact of earlier, nonlocal boundaries is not fully uniform. 相似文献
187.
Research and theory distinguish two types of attitude: automatic evaluative reactions and deliberate evaluative judgments, referred to as implicit and explicit attitudes, respectively. Although these attitudes are distinct, they may influence each other. Four studies tested whether implicit and explicit attitudes are both influenced by propositional and associative learning. We also tested whether changes in one kind of attitude mediate changes in the other. Study 1 found that propositional learning about novel individuals directly influenced explicit attitudes and indirectly influenced implicit attitudes through changes in explicit attitudes. Studies 2 and 3 replicated this finding and extended it by simultaneously demonstrating that associative learning through Evaluative Conditioning directly influences implicit attitudes and indirectly influences explicit attitudes through changes in implicit attitudes. Study 4 replicated these effects for attitudes toward familiar, rather than novel, targets. These results suggest that implicit and explicit attitudes can share common antecedents and influence each other. 相似文献
188.
Vuontela V Steenari MR Aronen ET Korvenoja A Aronen HJ Carlson S 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(1):56-64
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and n-back tasks we investigated whether, in 11-13-year-old children, spatial (location) and nonspatial (color) information is differentially processed during visual attention (0-back) and working memory (WM) (2-back) tasks and whether such cognitive task performance, compared to a resting state, results in regional deactivation. The location 0-back task, compared to the color 0-back task, activated segregated areas in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices whereas no differentially activated voxels were obtained when location and color 2-back tasks were directly contrasted. Several midline cortical areas were less active during 0- and 2-back task performance than resting state. The task-induced deactivation increased with task difficulty as demonstrated by larger deactivation during 2-back than 0-back tasks. The results suggest that, in 11-13-year-old children, the visual attentional network is differently recruited by spatial and nonspatial information processing, but the functional organization of cortical activation in WM in this age group is not based on the type of information processed. Furthermore, 11-13-year-old children exhibited a similar pattern of cortical deactivation that has been reported in adults during cognitive task performance compared to a resting state. 相似文献
189.
Richard A. Epstein Neil Jordan Yong Joo Rhee Gary M. McClelland John S. Lyons 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(3):303-311
We studied 9,220 children referred to a comprehensive mental health crisis stabilization program to examine the impact of
caregiver capacity on crisis worker decisions to refer children for intensive community-based treatment as opposed to inpatient
psychiatric hospitalization. Due to the different role of caregivers in the child welfare system, analyses were stratified
by state custody status. Among both groups, there was a significant inverse association between child mental health need and
referral to intensive community-based treatment. For children not in state custody with low mental health need, there was
no difference in the likelihood of referral to intensive community-based treatment across levels of caregiver capacity. However,
for children not in state custody with medium and high mental health needs, those whose caregivers were deficient or severely
deficient were significantly more likely to be referred for intensive community-based treatment than were those who had capable
caregivers. Multivariate analyses demonstrated similar results after controlling for potential confounding variables and confirmed
that caregiver capacity contributes significantly to the logistic model’s classification accuracy. Results suggest further
investigation of the impact of caregiver capacity on mental health crisis worker referral decisions is needed. 相似文献
190.