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201.
202.
Abstract John Searle's forthcoming book ‘Rationality in Action’ presents a sophisticated and innovative account of the rationality of action. In the book Searle argues against what he calls the classical model of rationality. In the debate that follows Barry Smith challenges some implications of Searle's account. In particular, Smith suggests that Searle's distinction between observer-relative and observer–independent facts of the world is ill suited to accommodate moral concepts. Leo Zaibert takes on Searle's notion of the gap. The gap exists between the reasons that we have for acting and our actions. According to Searle, whenever there is no gap, our actions exhibit irrationality. Zaibert points out a certain obscurity in Searle's treatment of the gap, particularly in connection with Searle's notion of ‘recognitional rationality’. Finally, Josef Moural examines the interactions between Searle's theory of institutions and his theory of rationality, with emphasis on the connections between intentionality and Searle's notion of the ‘background’. 相似文献
203.
204.
Klumpers UM Tulen JH Timmerman L Fekkes D Loonen AJ Boomsma F 《Psychological reports》2004,94(2):408-410
The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine reactivity to standardized stress tests (orthostatic challenge, Stroop Color Word Test) in drug-free adult women with chronic PTSD due to repetitive childhood sexual abuse. At baseline, the 11 patients showed significantly higher mean scores on the Symptom Check List-90 and the Profile of Mood States than 13 healthy female controls, whereas baseline cardiovascular or hormonal parameters showed no differences between the groups. Also, no significant differences were found between the two groups in cardiovascular and hormonal responsivity to the stress tests. Thus, in the presence of robust psychological differences, the patients with chronic PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse did not show alterations in baseline values of neurobiological parameters, nor did they react differently to a physical and mental stress test when compared to healthy controls. 相似文献
205.
A number of studies reported that developmental dyslexics are impaired in speech perception, especially for speech signals consisting of rapid auditory transitions. These studies mostly made use of a categorical-perception task with synthetic-speech samples. In this study, we show that deficits in the perception of synthetic speech do not generalise to the perception of more naturally sounding speech, even if the same experimental paradigm is used. This contrasts with the assumption that dyslexics are impaired in the perception of rapid auditory transitions. 相似文献
206.
Knowledge partitioning refers to the notion that knowledge can be held in independent and nonoverlapping parcels. Partitioned knowledge may cause
people to make contradictory decisions for identical problems in different circumstances. We report two experiments that explored
the boundary conditions of knowledge partitioning in categorization. The studies examined whether or not people would partition
their knowledge (1) when categorization rules were or were not verbalizable and (2) when the to-be-categorized stimuli comprised
perceptually separable or integral dimensions. When learning difficulty was controlled, partitioning occurred across all combinations
of verbalizability and integrality/separability, underscoring the generality of knowledge partitioning. Partitioning was absent
only when the task was rapidly learned and people reached a high level of proficiency, suggesting that task difficulty plays
a critical role in the emergence of partitioned knowledge. 相似文献
207.
Mitterer H Csépe V Blomert L 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2006,59(8):1395-1424
We investigated how spoken words are recognized when they have been altered by phonological assimilation. Previous research has shown that there is a process of perceptual compensation for phonological assimilations. Three recently formulated proposals regarding the mechanisms for compensation for assimilation make different predictions with regard to the level at which compensation is supposed to occur as well as regarding the role of specific language experience. In the present study, Hungarian words and nonwords, in which a viable and an unviable liquid assimilation was applied, were presented to Hungarian and Dutch listeners in an identification task and a discrimination task. Results indicate that viably changed forms are difficult to distinguish from canonical forms independent of experience with the assimilation rule applied in the utterances. This reveals that auditory processing contributes to perceptual compensation for assimilation, while language experience has only a minor role to play when identification is required. 相似文献
208.
Several methods are available for analyzing different aspects of behavioral transition matrices, but a comprehensive framework
for their use is lacking. We analyzed parasitoid foraging behavior in environments with different plant species compositions.
The resulting complex data sets were analyzed using the following stepwise procedure. We detected abrupt changes in the event
log files of parasitoids, using a maximum likelihood method. This served as a criterion for splitting the event log files
into two parts. For both parts, Mantel’s test was used to detect differences between first-order transition matrices, whereas
an iterative proportional fitting method was used to find behavioral flows that deviated from random transitions. In addition,
hidden repetitive sequences were detected in the transition matrices on the basis of their relative timing, using Theme. We
discuss the results for the example from a biological context and the comprehensive use of the different methods. We stress
the importance of such a combined stepwise analysis for detecting differences in some parts of event log files. 相似文献
209.
The authors conducted a random statewide telephone survey of 1,484 individuals to study the relationship between marijuana use (in terms of participants' history of marijuana use) and reactions to drug testing and to study 2 hypothetical drug-treatment policies. Job safety sensitivity was related to perceived fairness of drug testing for the participant's job, and more recent marijuana use was associated with more negative reactions. Safety sensitivity was related to perceived fairness of drug treatment. Organizations with voluntary treatment were more attractive than ones with monitored treatment. Marijuana use interacted with drug treatment policy type in predicting reactions to drug treatment. Results suggest that organizations should consider job and employee characteristics when developing a drug treatment policy. 相似文献
210.
Poom L 《Perception》2002,31(12):1439-1448
Traditionally, it is assumed that stereovision operates only on the positional difference (disparity) between luminance-defined features in the images in the left and the right eye. Here, I show that stereoscopic depth can be seen from disparity between edges created by relative motion of texture elements, and between edges created by correlated flicker of stationary texture elements. Luminance-based stereopsis was impossible since the texture was binocularly uncorrelated. Positional disparity of the centre of revolving patterns was not an efficient depth cue. Stereopsis from the stimuli presented here was possible even without binocular overlap of textured areas. The results provide evidence that positional disparity of kinetic edges, defined by correlated flicker or motion contrast alone, can be used as matching features to recover stereoscopic depth. 相似文献