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271.
Two-factor theory remains a viable account of avoidance behavior. By emphasizing the interplay of respondent and operant contingencies, two-factor theory encourages the analysis of stimuli that mediate molar consequences and incorporates control by local events as well as events that are temporally remote, improbable, or cumulative. 相似文献
272.
决策与判断研究中的个体分析(英文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
决策与判断研究中(甚至是实验心理学研究中)的许多问题关注某效应是否真实存在,及其背后的解释是什么。这些问题不关注该效应在某一特殊群体中是否显著。因此,可以通过分析单个被试来检验效应的显著性。如果有一个被试表现出了该效应,那么,这个效应就是存在的。根据这一观点,有时也可通过跨案例或者轮次(across cases or rounds)分析来验证效应的显著性,而不需要进行跨被试分析(across subjects)。这一观点也暗示在一些实验中可能存在反方向的效应。本文建议通过进行基于被试个体的统计分析来检验这样的效应,并介绍了一些不同形式的方法:PP概率图(probability probability plots);P值分布检验(tests of the distribution of p-values);分层取样多重检验的矫正(correction for multiple testing with step-down resampling)。这些方法都可以用于处理在对同样假设进行多重检验时无法避免的问题。另外,本文也列举了一些例子,其中有一部分例子存在反方向的效应,另一部分例子不存在。 相似文献
273.
Jonathan Baron 《Synthese》2010,172(1):7-35
Cognitive biases that affect decision making may affect the decisions of citizens that influence public policy. To the extent
that decisions follow principles other than maximizing utility for all, it is less likely that utility will be maximized,
and the citizens will ultimately suffer the results. Here I outline some basic arguments concerning decisions by citizens,
using voting as an example. I describe two types of values that may lead to sub-optimal consequences when these values influence
political behavior: moralistic values (which people are willing to impose on others regardless of the consequences) and protected
values (PVs, values protected from trade-offs). I present evidence against the idea that voting is expressive, i.e., that
voters aim to express their moral views rather than to have an effect on outcomes. I show experimentally that PVs are often
moralistic. Finally, I present some data that citizens’ think of their duty in a parochial way, neglecting out-groups. I conclude
that moral judgments are important determinants of citizen behavior, that these judgments are subject to biases and based
on moralistic values, and that, therefore, outcomes are probably less good than they could be. 相似文献
274.
Children’s ability to exercise self-regulation is a key predictor of academic, behavioural, and life outcomes, but the developmental dynamics of children’s self-regulation are not adequately understood. We investigated how children’s self-regulation skills and harsh parental discipline reciprocally predict each other across 12,474 children at ages three, five, and seven in the U.K. (Millennium Cohort Study). Cross-lagged structural equation models indicated that high initial levels of harsh parental discipline predicted lower subsequent self-regulation, which then reciprocally predicted higher levels of harsh parental discipline. Conversely, high initial levels of child self-regulation predicted lower subsequent harsh parental discipline. Implications for policy and interventions are discussed. 相似文献
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276.
Ilan Zvi Baron 《Journal of Modern Jewish Studies》2014,13(2):292-309
This paper explores the relationship between identity and security through an investigation into Jewish diasporic identity. The paper argues that the convention of treating identity as an objective referent of security is problematic, as the Jewish diaspora experience demonstrates. The paper presents a new way of conceptualizing identity and security by introducing the concept of diasporic security. Diasporic security reflects the geographical experience of being a member of a trans-state community, of having a fluid identity that is shaped by sometimes contradictory discourses emanating from a community that resides both at home and abroad. In introducing the concept of diasporic security, the paper makes use of literature in Diaspora Studies, Security Studies, recent works in contemporary political theory and sociology, and Woody Allen's film, Deconstructing Harry (1997). 相似文献
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