Role ambiguity as a moderator of occupational self-efficacy and job satisfaction

Role ambiguity was examined as a moderator of occupational self-efficacy and job satisfaction on the basis of the data obtained from 280 employees of U.S. housing finance agencies in four states. The interaction effect was found to be small but significant. The practical implications of role ambiguity at different levels of occupational self-efficacy were discussed. The value of reducing role ambiguity is higher for those who have low self-efficacy. The theoretical implications of the findings support the inclusion of dispositional and situational interactions in research regarding job satisfaction.     

Do central processing and online processing always concur? Analysis of scene order and proportion effects in broadcast news

This study examines the relationship between the central/peripheral processing of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the online/memory‐based processing of impression formation by analyzing the order and proportion effect of scene valence in broadcast news. A 2 (position of positive scenes: beginning and ending) × 3 (proportion of positive scenes: high, medium & low) between design (N = 158) experiment with political campaign broadcast news stories found evidence of central memory‐based processing, which is inconsistent with the common belief that central and online processing always concur. Four typologies of information processing are proposed based on the study's findings: central online processing, peripheral online processing, central memory‐based processing and peripheral memory‐based processing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approach–avoidance of facial affect is moderated by the presence of an observer-irrelevant trigger

This study examined whether approach–avoidance related behaviour elicited by facial affect is moderated by the presence of an observer-irrelevant trigger that may influence the observer’s attributions of the actor’s emotion. Participants were shown happy, disgusted, and neutral facial expressions. Half of these were presented with a plausible trigger of the expression (a drink). Approach–avoidance related behaviour was indexed explicitly through a questionnaire (measuring intentions) and implicitly through a manikin version of the affective Simon task (measuring automatic behavioural tendencies). In the absence of an observer-irrelevant trigger, participants expressed the intention to avoid disgusted and approach happy facial expressions. Participants also showed a stronger approach tendency towards happy than towards disgusted facial expressions. The presence of the observer-irrelevant trigger had a moderating effect, decreasing the intention to approach happy and to avoid disgusted expressions. The trigger had no moderating effect on the approach–avoidance tendencies. Thus the influence of an observer-irrelevant trigger appears to reflect more of a controlled than automatic process.     

The analytic-synthetic distinction and the classical model of science: Kant,Bolzano and Frege

This paper concentrates on some aspects of the history of the analytic-synthetic distinction from Kant to Bolzano and Frege. This history evinces considerable continuity but also some important discontinuities. The analytic-synthetic distinction has to be seen in the first place in relation to a science, i.e. an ordered system of cognition. Looking especially to the place and role of logic it will be argued that Kant, Bolzano and Frege each developed the analytic-synthetic distinction within the same conception of scientific rationality, that is, within the Classical Model of Science: scientific knowledge as cognitio ex principiis. But as we will see, the way the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments or propositions functions within this model turns out to differ considerably between them.     

Blushing-Fearful Individuals’ Judgmental Biases and Conditional Cognitions: An Internet Inquiry

The present study examines two mechanisms that might explain why blushing-fearful individuals fear blushing: Judgmental biases for blushing in ordinary social situations that usually do not elicit a blush, and negative conditional cognitions about blushing irrespective of situation. A web-based self-report measure, linked to a German internet forum for people with fear of blushing, was completed by a group of high blushing-fearful participants (n = 155) and a low fear group (n = 61). Supporting the idea that cognitive biases are involved in fear of blushing, blushing-fearful participants showed inflated estimates of both the probability and the costs of blushing in these situations. In addition, blushing-fearful individuals were characterized by relatively negative conditional cognitions about blushing.     

Children’s (in)ability to recover from garden paths in a verb-final language: Evidence for developing control in sentence processing

An eye-tracking study explored Korean-speaking adults’ and 4- and 5-year-olds’ ability to recover from misinterpretations of temporarily ambiguous phrases during spoken language comprehension. Eye movement and action data indicated that children, but not adults, had difficulty in recovering from these misinterpretations despite strong disambiguating evidence at the end of the sentence. These findings are notable for their striking similarities with findings from children parsing English; however, in those and other studies of English, children were found to be reluctant to use late-arriving syntactic evidence to override earlier verb-based cues to structure, whereas here Korean children were reluctant to use late-arriving verb-based cues to override earlier syntactic evidence. The findings implicate a general cross-linguistic pattern for parsing development in which late-developing cognitive control abilities mediate the recovery from so-called “garden path” sentences. Children’s limited cognitive control prevents them from inhibiting misinterpretations even when the disambiguating evidence comes from highly informative verb information.     

郭象对"性"的解释及其在中国哲学史上的意义

一、序言:玄学自春秋战国时期开始的中国固有的哲学到郭象(252~312)便告一段落。①这并不是说中国思想终结了,而是说春秋战国时期由老子和孔子等诸子提出的思维方式和哲学思想经过汉代的宇宙发生论,到魏晋时期呈现出向本体论发展的倾向,并最终精炼为中国式的抽象思维。中国哲学经历汉代和魏晋时期,将春秋战国时期分散的多样性简化为在某种程度上统一性的多样性。这种统一性的多样性从学派来看,大致可以理解为儒家式思维和道家式思维的对立。汉初的黄老学是先秦道家的现实转变,而武帝为巩固中央集权的官僚体制而推行的“独尊儒术”,是先秦儒…     

An exploratory study about Koreans’ attitudes towards counselling services

This mixed-method design research is an exploratory study of Korean college students’ perceptions of seeking counselling. The quantitative part of the study is a series of factor analyses of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPH) to extract culturally valid items and constructs. The qualitative part of the study is a content analysis of the written responses to an open-ended question. The factor analyses of the ATSPPH resulted in selecting 15 items and extracting three constructs: Conditional Usefulness, Fear of Judgment, and Lack of Necessity. The content analysis of the written responses derived three additional constructs, including Utilities of Counselling, Provider and Environment of Counselling, and Socio-Cultural and Practical Issues. The meaning of the findings, implications, limitations, and strengths of this study were discussed.     

Asymmetric effect of context‐specific color priming on interpretation of ambiguous news articles

In the context of reading a news article as a source to predict the stock price of a company, people's interpretation of the article was biased by the color used as its background. We found that this bias was (a) asymmetric, (b) strengthened with ambiguity, and (c) context specific. First, the color‐priming effect was asymmetric. In Studies 1 and 2, the readers' interpretation was positively biased when the article was presented on a background color that signals up (green in the United States and red in South Korea). The interpretation, however, was not negatively biased when it was presented on a background color that signals down (red in the United States and blue in South Korea). Second, the effect was strengthened with ambiguity. Study 3 showed that the bias was stronger when the article describing the stock price was ambiguous than when it was unambiguous. Third, the effect appeared to be a consequence of the context‐specific experience of an individual. Study 4 showed that the bias was stronger among those who recognized the meaning of a particular color in the context of their stock market.     

Supportive Coparenting,Parenting Stress,Harsh Parenting,and Child Behavior Problems in Nonmarital Families

Supportive coparenting is an identified protective factor for child development and behavioral outcomes. What is less known is how supportive coparenting dynamically links with other aspects of parenting and parent well‐being, particularly in multi‐stressed nonmarital families. This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, analyzed within a structural equation model, to explore how mothers’ experience of maternal depression, maternal age, father education, and SES interacted with their parenting stress and supportive coparenting to impact child behavioral problems and harsh parenting practices. Among the findings, more supportive coparenting was found to be significantly associated with fewer child behavioral problems and less harsh parenting. Transmitted through supportive coparenting and parenting stress acting as mediator, maternal depressive symptoms were indirectly and positively related to harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems. These findings are discussed within the context of the broader literature and next steps for research are discussed.