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211.
Charmaine Borg Renske C. Bosman Iris Engelhard Bunmi O. Olatunji Peter J. de Jong 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(4):669-686
Earlier studies provided preliminary support for the role of classical conditioning as a pathway of disgust learning, yet this evidence has been limited to self-report. This study included facial electromyographical (EMG) measurements (corrugator and levator muscles) and a behavioural approach task to assess participants’ motivation-to-eat the actual food items (conditioned stimuli, CS). Food items served as CS and film excerpts of a woman vomiting served as unconditioned stimuli (US). Following acquisition the CS+ (neutral CS paired with US disgust) was rated as more disgusting and less positive. Notably, the conditioned response was transferred to the actual food items as evidenced by participants’ reported lowered willingness-to-eat. Participants also showed heightened EMG activity in response to the CS+ which seemed driven by the corrugator indexing a global negative affect. These findings suggest that classical conditioning as a pathway of disgust learning can be reliably observed in subjective but not in disgust-specific physiological responding. 相似文献
212.
Learning to solve a class of problems can be characterized as a search through a space of hypotheses about the rules for solving these problems. A series of four experiments studied how different learning conditions affected the search among hypotheses about the solution rule for a simple computational problem. Experiment 1 showed that a problem property such as computational difficulty of the rules biased the search process and so affected learning. Experiment 2 examined the impact of examples as instructional tools and found that their effectiveness was determined by whether they uniquely pointed to the correct rule. Experiment 3 compared verbal directions with examples and found that both could guide search. The final experiment tried to improve learning by using more explicit verbal directions or by adding scaffolding to the example. While both manipulations improved learning, learning still took the form of a search through a hypothesis space of possible rules. We describe a model that embodies two assumptions: (1) the instruction can bias the rules participants hypothesize rather than directly be encoded into a rule; (2) participants do not have memory for past wrong hypotheses and are likely to retry them. These assumptions are realized in a Markov model that fits all the data by estimating two sets of probabilities. First, the learning condition induced one set of Start probabilities of trying various rules. Second, should this first hypothesis prove wrong, the learning condition induced a second set of Choice probabilities of considering various rules. These findings broaden our understanding of effective instruction and provide implications for instructional design. 相似文献
213.
214.
Otto Kroesen Martin de Jong Jean-Philippe Waaub 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2007,19(4):137-142
What lessons can we learn from the historical and contemporary narratives and analyses from the previous articles? Can any tendencies or trends be distinguished as to the dos and don’ts of policy transfer to developing countries? To answer that question, we will first go back to the issues raised in the prologue and then relate them to the particular events in the different cases. 相似文献
215.
Phonological awareness and the use of phonological similarity in letter-sound learning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
de Jong PF 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2007,98(3):131-152
The effects of the phonological similarity between a letter sound and the sound in a spoken word, and phonological awareness on letter-sound learning were examined. Two groups of 41 kindergartners were taught four letter sounds. First, both groups had to learn the associations between four symbols and four familiar words. Next, both groups were taught the letter sounds that were paired to these same symbols. Each letter sound corresponded to the first sound of the word that was previously associated with that symbol in the phonological similarity group, whereas such a relation was absent in the other group. In addition, measures of vocabulary, letter knowledge, and phonological awareness were administered. Phonological similarity facilitated letter-sound learning. Individual differences in phonological awareness had a strong effect on letter-sound learning even after current letter knowledge was controlled. Unexpectedly, the effects of phonological awareness and the ability to use phonological similarity on letter-sound learning were found to be independent. 相似文献
216.
This essay continues a debate about the relative scientific merits of the Park‐Levine Model (PLM) and Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) with regard to accuracy in deception detection. Key points of disagreement include (a) the degree to which message recipients are sensitive to sender veracity and (b) the extent to which interactivity moderates the veracity and base‐rate effects specified by PLM. According to PLM, people are truth‐biased, truth‐bias makes people insensitive to deception, and as a consequence, base rates affect accuracy regardless of interactivity. IDT, in direct contrast, holds that people are sensitive to the veracity of other's communication and that interactivity is a key moderator. Consistent with PLM, data repeatedly show that people are insensitive to other's veracity and that this insensitivity is general across media affordances including interactivity. This rejoinder uses Burgoon's (2015) own interactive data to demonstrate the empirical superiority of PLM over IDT. 相似文献
217.
218.
Klaske A. Glashouwer Peter J. de Jong Brenda W. J. H. Penninx Ad J. F. M. Kerkhof Richard van Dyck Johan Ormel 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):428-437
Dysfunctional self-schemas are assumed to play an important role in suicidal ideation. According to recent information-processing
models, it is important to differentiate between ‘explicit’ beliefs and automatic associations. Explicit beliefs stem from
the weighting of propositions and their corresponding ‘truth’ values, while automatic associations reflect more simple associations
in memory. Both types of associations are assumed to have different functional properties and both may be involved in suicidal
ideation. Thus far, studies into self-schemas and suicidal ideation focused on the more explicit, consciously accessible traces
of self-schemas and predominantly relied on self-report questionnaires or interviews. To complement these ‘explicit’ findings
and more directly tap into self-schemas, this study investigated automatic self-associations in a large scale community sample
that was part of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The results showed that automatic self-associations
of depression and anxiety were indeed significantly related to suicidal ideation and past suicide attempt. Moreover, the interactions
between automatic self-depressive (anxious) associations and explicit self-depressive (anxious) beliefs explained additional
variance over and above explicit self-beliefs. Together these results provide an initial insight into one explanation of why
suicidal patients might report difficulties in preventing and managing suicidal thoughts. 相似文献
219.
Purpose
This study addressed whether or not self-rated and other-rated perspective taking would converge and questioned the relationship between perspective taking and communication satisfaction among coworkers. 相似文献220.