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911.
This investigation illustrates men’s and women’s change in femininity, and individual differences in change in femininity
from early (age 33 or 35) to late (age 78 or 85) adulthood. Members of three long-term longitudinal samples (total N = 327) provided California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Femininity scale scores, collected a maximum of five times. Application
of longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling indicates: (1) both men and women show significant variability in initial level
and change in femininity, (2) gender predicts both individuals’ initial level and change in femininity—the average man, initially
low in femininity, becomes significantly higher in femininity across the lifespan; the average woman, initially high in femininity,
becomes significantly lower in femininity across the lifespan, (3) change in femininity is unconnected to marital or parental
status, and (4) change in femininity is connected to psychological health level for women only—more psychologically healthy
women show a decline in femininity, while less healthy women increase their femininity level. Overall, results support Jung’s
androgyny hypothesis of a cross-over of gender roles in men and women, but do not support Gutmann’s hypothesis that such cross-over
is tied to “parental emergency.” Additional exploration of the data indicates Gough and Bradley’s (1996) CPI-derived personality types also predict femininity initial level for women and femininity change for men. 相似文献
912.
We explored the claim that structural priming is a case of implicit learning within the language production system. The experiment
began with a baseline phase, in which we assessed participants’ rates of production for double object and prepositional object
constructions. Then participants were biased toward the production of either the double object or prepositional object construction.
Finally, we again assessed participants’ rates of production for the target constructions. Consistent with claims that structural
priming is a case of implicit learning, we found that biasing participants toward the prepositional object construction produced
stronger cumulative priming effects than did biasing participants toward the double object construction. We also found that
individual differences in implicit learning were marginally correlated with overall rates of production for the double object
construction. Participants who scored better on the learning task tended to produce fewer double object constructions. 相似文献
913.
Adults can improve their performance on many perceptual tasks with training, but when does the response to training become mature? To investigate this question, we trained 11‐year‐olds, 14‐year‐olds and adults on a basic auditory task (temporal‐interval discrimination) using a multiple‐session training regimen known to be effective for adults. The adolescents all began with performance in the adult range. However, while all of the adults improved across sessions, none of the 11‐year‐olds and only half of the 14‐year‐olds did. The adolescents who failed to learn did so even though the 10‐session training regimen provided twice the number of sessions required by adults to reach asymptotic performance. Further, over the course of each session, the performance of the adults was stable but that of the adolescents, including those who learned, deteriorated. These results demonstrate that the processes that underlie perceptual learning can continue to develop well into adolescence. 相似文献
914.
Coaster M Rogers BP Jones OD Viscusi WK Merkle KL Zald DH Gore JC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(4):494-507
Many human activities involve a risk of physical harm. However, not much is known about the specific brain regions involved
in decision making regarding these risks. To explore the neural correlates of risk perception for physical harms, 19 participants
took part in an event-related fMRI study while rating risky activities. The scenarios varied in level of potential harm (e.g.,
paralysis vs. stubbed toe), likelihood of injury (e.g., 1 chance in 100 vs. 1 chance in 1,000), and format (frequency vs.
probability). Networks of brain regions were responsive to different aspects of risk information. Cortical language- processing
areas, the middle temporal gyrus, and a region around the bed nucleus of stria terminalis responded more strongly to high-
harm conditions. Prefrontal areas, along with subcortical ventral striatum, responded preferentially to high- likelihood conditions.
Participants rated identical risks to be greater when information was presented in frequency format rather than probability
format. These findings indicate that risk assessments for physical harm engage a broad network of brain regions that are sensitive
to the severity of harm, the likelihood of risk, and the framing of risk information. 相似文献
915.
Interpreting spatial language in image captions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The map as a tool for accessing data has become very popular in recent years, but a lot of data do not have the necessary
spatial meta-data to allow for that. Some data such as photographs however have spatial information in their captions and
if this could be extracted, then they could be made available via map-based interfaces. Towards this goal, we introduce a
model and spatio-linguistic reasoner for interpreting the spatial information in image captions that is based upon quantitative
data about spatial language use acquired directly from people. Spatial language is inherently vague, and both the model and
reasoner have been designed to incorporate this vagueness at the quantitative level and not only qualitatively. 相似文献
916.
Adults vary their haptic exploratory behavior reliably with variation both in the sensory input and in the task goals. Little is known about the development of these connections between perceptual goals and exploratory behaviors. A total of 36 children ages 3, 4, and 5 years and 20 adults completed a haptic intramodal match-to-sample task. Participants were instructed to feel the shape, texture, rigidity, or weight of a sample object and then were asked to find which of three test objects matched the sample on that specific property. Hand movements were examined to determine whether children produced the same exploratory procedures while gathering perceptual information about each property as adults who searched for the same kind of information. Children demonstrated that they had good haptic abilities in two ways: They matched the sample objects on the specified perceptual dimension at near ceiling levels, and they produced the same hand movement patterns to find the same properties as adults. 相似文献
917.
Peter Cruchley‐Jones 《International review of missions》2011,100(1):74-84
Abstract Europe's religious “demise” is well reported and often lamented in missionary circles. This article aims to offer a contrary perspective using the common approach of evangelism: “double listening”. The task is to listen to our culture and our text in conversation and to discover what the text is saying afresh to our needs and values. It is, however, largely expected that this double listening will yield itself to the means by which Christ can change and counter culture. But what if our double listening reveals the deafness of evangelism to the voice of Christ in our culture? This paper aims to explore the widespread religious experience in Europe of God's absence, and how it prompts us to re‐examine the stories of Jesus and the rhetoric we use to describe Europe's religious life. It contends that much evangelism in Europe is too inhospitable or unsophisticated to see this absence as anything other than something we should rush to fill with the latest model of our reliable 24/7 god. However, it might be leading us to acknowledge something about the life of faith that Jesus seems to offer in much of his teaching. Europe's resistance to organized religion is painful to experience, but it might be inviting us into a fresh conversion to what God is doing beyond our walls. If so, evangelism will have to learn a fresh humility as well as to provide the fresh energy to discover and partner God there. 相似文献
918.
Bess KD Perkins DD Cooper DG Jones DL 《American journal of community psychology》2011,47(3-4):236-252
This paper explores the role of member participation in decision-making (PDM) from an organizational learning (OL) perspective. Community-based organizations (CBOs) serve as mediators between the individual and the local community, often providing the means for community member participation and benefiting organizationally from members' input. Community psychologists have recognized these benefits; however, the field has paid less attention to the role participation plays in increasing CBOs' capacity to meet community needs. We present a framework for exploring how CBO contextual factors influence the use of participatory decision-making structures and practices, and how these affect OL. We then use the framework to examine PDM in qualitative case study analysis of four CBOs: a youth development organization, a faith-based social action coalition, a low-income neighborhood organization, and a large human service agency. We found that organizational form, energy, and culture each had a differential impact on participation in decision making within CBOs. We highlight how OL is constrained in CBOs and document how civic aims and voluntary membership enhanced participation and learning. 相似文献
919.
Sterrett EM Jones DJ McKee LG Kincaid C 《American journal of community psychology》2011,48(3-4):284-295
Supportive Non-Parental Adults (SNPAs), or non-parental adults who provide social support to youth, are present in the lives of many adolescents; yet to date, a guiding framework for organizing the existing literature on the provision of support provided by multiple types of SNPAS, such as teachers, natural mentors, and extended family members, as well as to inform future research efforts, is lacking. The aim of the current paper is to utilize the well-established lens of social support to integrate, across this broad range of literatures, recent findings regarding associations between SNPAs and four indices of adolescent psychosocial adjustment: academic functioning, self-esteem, and behavioral and emotional problems. Beyond offering an integrative framework for understanding the link between SNPAs and adolescent functioning, the issues reviewed here have potentially far-reaching consequences for adolescents and their families, as well as the professionals working with adolescents and their families in the health care, school, and community settings. 相似文献
920.
Debbie L. Morton Wael El‐Deredy Alex S. Morton Rebecca Elliott Anthony K. P. Jones 《欧洲人格杂志》2011,25(6):424-430
It has been shown that optimists tend to rely more on their prior expectations than sensory input when making decisions of an intense nature (Geers & Lassiter, 2002). We investigated the degree to which this tendency persists over a range of discrepancies between prior cues and actual stimuli. Eighty‐seven participants were shown a subset of happy, sad and fearful pictures drawn from the Ekman facial expressions of emotion (Ekman & Oster, 1979). Each picture was preceded by a verbal cue indicating the impending emotional expression and intensity. The displayed pictures were either in agreement, slightly discrepant or very discrepant with the cue. Participants rated the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with the expectation cue. Probit signal detection models were used to produce acquiescence for each subject at each level of discrepancy. Correlation analysis was performed on acquiescence and dispositional optimism scores. There was a significant correlation between all acquiescence scores for levels of discrepancies and dispositional optimism. Optimism appears to be a trait associated with acquiescence. The apparent tendency of optimists to comply may be due to a cognitive style that relies on expectations, such that it takes them longer to recognise the extent of discrepancy between expectations and incoming information. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献