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191.
The study adopts life review as an avenue to access wisdom-related knowledge and examines the contribution of age and type of professional specialization to individual differences in wisdom-related knowledge. Women from 2 age groups/cohorts (young, M = 32 years; old, M = 71 years) and different professional specializations (human services vs. nonhuman services) were asked to think aloud about the life review of a fictitious woman who was either young or old. Verbal protocols were scored on 5 wisdom-related criteria: factual and procedural knowledge about life, life-span contextualism, relativism of values, recognition, and management of uncertainty. Three major findings emerged. First, human-services professionals outperformed the control group. Second, old adults performed as well as young adults. Third, for older adults wisdom-related performance was enhanced by the match between their own age and the age of the fictitious character. 相似文献
192.
Brian P. O'Connor 《欧洲人格杂志》1992,6(1):31-41
Individuals differ in their perceptions of actprototypicality. This study examined whether incorporating such individual differences enhances trait-behaviour correlations and provides stronger evidence for cross-situational consistency. Three hundred and fifty-three subjects rated the dominance prototypicality of 100 acts, indicated how often they performed each of these acts, and provided trait ratings of how dominant they were in general. There were substantial and reliable individual differences in prototypicality judgements over a 4–5 month period. A variety of weighting schemes were used to incorporate these individual differences, but none dramatically increased the trait-behaviour correlation. Similarly, incorporating individual differences did not increase the magnitude of cross-situational consistency correlations. However, incorporating individual differences did enhance the pattern of trait-behaviour and consistency correlations from less prototypical to highly prototypical acts. Differences in perceptions of act prototypicality thus do not affect the magnitude of the correlations that can be obtained, but they are useful in revealing theoretically meaningful patterns of relationships. 相似文献
193.
194.
The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of a brief test user orientation program on increasing service station managers' familiarity with a few key employment testing issues, including their familiarity with theModel Guidelines for Preemployment Integrity Testing Programs. The obtained results reveal that even a brief orientation program was able to significantly increase the managers' stated degree of familiarity with testing issues. 相似文献
195.
196.
P. A. Hancock M. Vercruyssen G. J. Rodenburg 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1992,11(3):203-225
Two experiments are reported which investigated how subject gender and time-of-day influenced the estimation of duration and
the perception of task-related mental workload. In the first experiment, 24 subjects performed a filled time-estimation task
in a constant blacked-out, noise-reduced environment at 0800h, 1200h, 1600h, and 2000h, respectively. In the second experiment,
12 different subjects performed an unfilled time estimation task in similar conditions at 0900h, 1400h, and 1900h. At the
termination of all experimental sessions, participants completed the NASA Task Load Index workload assessment questionnaire
as a measure of perceived mental workload. Results indicated that physiological response, reflected in body temperature change,
followed an expected pattern of sequential increase with time-of-day. However, estimates of duration and the perception of
mental workload showed no significant effects for time-of-day. In each of the experiments there were significant differences
in time estimation and mental workload response contingent on the gender of the participant. These results are interpreted
in light of the previous positive findings for circadian fluctuation in performance efficiency and the equivocal findings
of a gender difference in time estimation. A unifying account of these collective results is given based on gender by time-of-day
interactional effects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Anaheim, CA, October,
1988. 相似文献
197.
A number of investigators have suggested that affective states influence the focus of attention. One recent proposal is that negative moods increase self-focus. This review considers the evidence that bears on this hypothesis. Conceptual issues pertaining to the construct of self-focus are discussed first. Next, the various parameters that influence attentional focus are presented in order to provide a way of organizing the mood/selffocus literature. Studies that have used state measures of mood and self-focus are considered in this context. Methodological limitations of existing studies are discussed and directions for future work provided. 相似文献
198.
Daniel D. Houlihan Robert N. Jones Howard N. Sloane Joni Cook 《Behavioral Interventions》1992,7(1):71-77
This brief report proposes an extension of the traditional Alternating Treatments Design that would be acceptable to use in hospital and residential settings where subjects are often not concurrently available. Concerns about the inability of traditional designs to work in these special situations and the emergence of a “scientist–practitioner split” are discussed. An example of how the Extended Alternating Treatments Design might be used is provided. 相似文献
199.
200.