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Perspectives of Jesus in the Writings of Paul: A Historical Examination of Shared Core Commitments with a View to Determining the Extent of Paul's Dependence on Jesus,Gerry Schoberg,James Clarke, 2014 (ISBN 978‐0‐227‐17405‐0), xii + 486 pp., pb £30 下载免费PDF全文
Jonathon Lookadoo 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2015,22(3):270-273
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Yoshiyuki Ueda Lei Chen Jonathon Kopecky Emily S. Cramer Ronald A. Rensink David E. Meyer Shinobu Kitayama Jun Saiki 《Cognitive Science》2018,42(1):286-310
While some studies suggest cultural differences in visual processing, others do not, possibly because the complexity of their tasks draws upon high‐level factors that could obscure such effects. To control for this, we examined cultural differences in visual search for geometric figures, a relatively simple task for which the underlying mechanisms are reasonably well known. We replicated earlier results showing that North Americans had a reliable search asymmetry for line length: Search for long among short lines was faster than vice versa. In contrast, Japanese participants showed no asymmetry. This difference did not appear to be affected by stimulus density. Other kinds of stimuli resulted in other patterns of asymmetry differences, suggesting that these are not due to factors such as analytic/holistic processing but are based instead on the target‐detection process. In particular, our results indicate that at least some cultural differences reflect different ways of processing early‐level features, possibly in response to environmental factors. 相似文献
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Using data on 15 year-old adolescents’ (N?=?770) romantic socializing, dating, and romantic relationships, we identified four clusters of romantic involvement: abstaining (9.2% of adolescents), socializing with relationships (20.3% of adolescents), socializing with dating (20.8% of adolescents), and socializing (49.7% of adolescents). We then tested if depressive symptoms, externalizing behavior, or social dissatisfaction differed between adolescents in the different romantic involvement clusters. Externalizing behavior and social dissatisfaction, but not depressive symptoms, differed between the clusters. Adolescents in the abstaining or socializing clusters reported less externalizing behavior than those in the other two clusters. Adolescents in the abstaining cluster reported greater social dissatisfaction than those in the other three clusters, which did not differ from each other. Finally, we found that gender did not moderate the associations between youths’ pattern of romantic involvement and their psychosocial adjustment. 相似文献
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Episodic memory consists of representations of specific episodes that happened in the past. Modeling episodic memory in animals
requires careful examination of alternative explanations of performance. Putative evidence of episodic-like memory may be
based on encoding failure or expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. In Experiment 1, rats were tested in a
radial maze with study and test phases separated by a retention interval. The replenishment of chocolate (at its study-phase
location) depended on two factors: time of day (morning vs. afternoon) and the presence or absence of chocolate pellets at
the start of the test phase. Because replenishment could not be decoded until the test phase, rats were required to encode
the study episode. Success in this task rules out encoding failure. In Experiment 2, two identical mazes in different rooms
were used. Chocolate replenishment was trained in one room, and then they were asked to report about a recent event in a different
room, where they had no expectation that the memory assessment would occur. Rats successfully answered the unexpected question,
ruling out use of expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. Our behavioral methods for modeling episodic memory
may have broad application for assessments of genetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of both
episodic memory and memory disorders such as those that occur in Alzheimer’s disease. 相似文献
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Putative metacognition data in animals may be explained by non-metacognition models (e.g., stimulus generalization). The primary
objective of the present study was to develop a new method for testing metacognition in animals that may yield data that can
be explained by metacognition but not by non-metacognition models. Next, we used the new method with rats. Rats were first
presented with a brief noise duration which they would subsequently classify as short or long. Rats were sometimes forced
to take an immediate duration test, forced to repeat the same duration, or had the choice to take the test or repeat the duration.
Metacognition, but not an alternative non-metacognition model, predicts that accuracy on difficult durations is higher when
subjects are forced to repeat the stimulus compared to trials in which the subject chose to repeat the stimulus, a pattern
observed in our data. Simulation of a non-metacognition model suggests that this part of the data from rats is consistent
with metacognition, but other aspects of the data are not consistent with metacognition. The current results call into question
previous findings suggesting that rats have metacognitive abilities. Although a mixed pattern of data does not support metacognition
in rats, we believe the introduction of the method may be valuable for testing with other species to help evaluate the comparative
case for metacognition. 相似文献
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Julia Strand Andrea Simenstad Allison Cooperman Jonathon Rowe 《Memory & cognition》2014,42(4):676-687
When perceiving spoken language, listeners must match the incoming acoustic phonetic input to lexical representations in memory. Models that quantify this process propose that the input activates multiple lexical representations in parallel and that these activated representations compete for recognition (Weber & Scharenborg, 2012). In two experiments, we assessed how grammatically constraining contexts alter the process of lexical competition. The results suggest that grammatical context constrains the lexical candidates that are activated to grammatically appropriate competitors. Stimulus words with little competition from items of the same grammatical class benefit more from the addition of grammatical context than do words with more within-class competition. The results provide evidence that top-down contextual information is integrated in the early stages of word recognition. We propose adding a grammatical class level of analysis to existing models of word recognition to account for these findings. 相似文献
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Information useful for identifying a person can be found both in the face and body. Previous studies indicate that when an entire person is visible, we rely strongly on the face for identification, even if the body can be useful. We measured the utility of the face versus body for identification, by using images of unfamiliar people that varied in the quality of identity information in the face. Face quality was varied using similarity scores generated by state‐of‐the‐art face recognition algorithms from an international competition. These algorithms estimated the similarity of faces in a large set (>1 000 000) of image pairs that showed ‘people’, including the face and the top half of the body. By using these similarity scores, image pairs were stratified into three groups representing good, moderate, and poor performance for the face recognition algorithm. Participants matched identity in image pairs sampled from the three groups, by using versions of the stimuli edited digitally to show only the face or body. Consistent with the algorithm stratifications, performance with the face declined across the three conditions. The face supported more accurate identification than the body in the good and moderate conditions. In the poor condition, performance from the face and body was comparable. Using data from a previous study, we compared the face‐only and body‐only identity judgments with judgments based on the original image. The original unedited image supported the best overall performance in the good and moderate conditions. Notably, performance in the poor condition was equivalent for the face, body, and original images. The results indicate that in poor viewing conditions, identification decisions from the body may be as accurate as those made from the face or the entire person. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Expectancies of success are widely thought to influence people's emotional reactions to performance outcomes: The lower one's expectancies, the more delighted one should be following success and the less disappointed one should be following failure. Although this proposition has been accepted almost as a truism, a review of the literature reveals that it has not been tested adequately. In this paper, we report two tests of this hypothesis, finding little evidence that low expectancies are beneficial. The discussion considers the implications of these findings for theories of emotion and the costs and benefits of positive thinking. 相似文献