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901.
Applying signal-detection theory to the study of observer accuracy and bias in behavioral assessment
Lerman DC Tetreault A Hovanetz A Bellaci E Miller J Karp H Mahmood A Strobel M Mullen S Keyl A Toupard A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):195-213
We evaluated the feasibility and utility of a laboratory model for examining observer accuracy within the framework of signal-detection theory (SDT). Sixty-one individuals collected data on aggression while viewing videotaped segments of simulated teacher-child interactions. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine if brief feedback and contingencies for scoring accurately would bias responding reliably. Experiment 2 focused on one variable (specificity of the operational definition) that we hypothesized might decrease the likelihood of bias. The effects of social consequences and information about expected behavior change were examined in Experiment 3. Results indicated that feedback and contingencies reliably biased responding and that the clarity of the definition only moderately affected this outcome. 相似文献
902.
Andrew M. Busch Glenn M. Callaghan Jonathan W. Kanter David E. Baruch Cristal Weeks 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2010,40(1):11-19
Few theories of psychotherapy give direction to the therapist on a moment-to-moment level or make predictions about how specific
therapist techniques change client behavior in session. Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP, Kohlenberg and Tsai in Functional
analytic psychotherapy: a guide for creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. Plenum, New York 1991) provides this direction and prediction. Specifically, FAP claims that client problem behaviors will be displayed in the
therapeutic relationship and that the therapist can improve client in-session behavior through differential, contingent responding.
Further, it is assumed that these improvements in session can be generalized to out of session relationships. The FAP rating
scale (FAPRS) was developed for the purpose of coding in-session client and therapist behaviors in an effort to test FAP’s
purported mechanism of change. The current study seeks to replicate and extend initial FAPRS findings (Callaghan et al. in
J Contemp Psychother 33:321–339, 2003) regarding mechanism of change and to address transportability. FAPRS coding data from a single successful case of an individual
diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder and treated with FAP is presented. Results indicate that the FAPRS system is
transportable and are generally supportive of the claim that therapist contingent responding leads to client improvement. 相似文献
903.
On Sinnott-Armstrong’s Case Against Moral Intuitionism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jonathan Smith 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(1):75-88
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong has argued against moral intuitionism, according to which some of our moral beliefs are justified
without needing to be inferred from any other beliefs. He claims that any prima facie justification some non-inferred moral
beliefs might have enjoyed is removed because many of our moral beliefs are formed in circumstances where either (1) we are
partial, (2) others disagree with us and there is no reason to prefer our moral judgement to theirs, (3) we are emotional
in a way that clouds our judgement, (4) the circumstances are conducive to illusion, or (5) the source of our moral beliefs
is unreliable or disreputable. I take issue with the elements of Sinnott-Armstrong’s argument that centre on (1) to (3) and
(5), concluding that his case against moral intuitionism is unpersuasive. 相似文献
904.
The mental health recovery movement promotes patient self-determination and opposes coercive psychiatric treatment. While
it has made great strides towards these ends, its rhetoric impairs its political efficacy. We illustrate how psychiatry can
share recovery values and yet appear to violate them. In certain criminal proceedings, for example, forensic psychiatrists
routinely argue that persons with mental illness who have committed crimes are not full moral agents. Such arguments align
with the recovery movement’s aim of providing appropriate treatment and services for people with severe mental illness, but
contradict its fundamental principle of self-determination. We suggest that this contradiction should be addressed with some
urgency, and we recommend a multidisciplinary collaborative effort involving ethics, law, psychiatry, and social policy to
address this and other ethical questions that arise as the United States strives to implement recovery-oriented programs. 相似文献
905.
Mohamed Sadok Cherif Belaïd Aouni Habib Chabchoub 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2010,17(5-6):137-154
The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is an approach that facilitates designing product by analyzing and projecting the Customer's Needs (CNs) in the Engineering Characteristics (ECs) of a product. The aim of QFD planning process is to determine the target levels for ECs of a product that achieve high level of overall customers' satisfaction. However, integrating design team's preferences in this preliminary stage of product design could make the design more realistic and could also avoid unfeasibility in posterior phases of the product development processes. Moreover, this process is performed within an imprecise environment, and more than one factor must be taken into account in determining targets levels of ECs; especially, the limited resources and increased market competition. This paper presents an imprecise goal programming approach to determine the best aspiration levels of ECs in QFD planning process. Based on benchmarking data of ECs, the concept of satisfaction functions will be utilized to integrate explicitly the design team's preferences and incorporate the competitive analysis of target market into the modelling and solution processes. In addition, the relationships linking CNs and ECs and the ECs to each other are integrated by functional relationships. The proposed approach will be illustrated through an example of product development of an emulsification dynamite packing machine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
906.
Verena Willenbockel Javid Sadr Daniel Fiset Greg O. Horne Frédéric Gosselin James W. Tanaka 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):671-684
Visual perception can be influenced by top-down processes related to the observer’s goals and expectations, as well as by
bottom-up processes related to low-level stimulus attributes, such as luminance, contrast, and spatial frequency. When using
different physical stimuli across psychological conditions, one faces the problem of disentangling the contributions of low-
and high-level factors. Here, we make available the SHINE (spectrum, histogram, and intensity normalization and equalization)
toolbox for MATLAB, which we have found useful for controlling a number of image properties separately or simultaneously.
The toolbox features functions for specifying the (rotational average of the) Fourier amplitude spectra, for normalizing and
scaling mean luminance and contrast, and for exact histogram specification optimized for perceptual visual quality. SHINE
can thus be employed for parametrically modifying a number of image properties or for equating them across stimuli to minimize
potential low-level confounds in studies on higher level processes. 相似文献
907.
Debbie Sookman Jonathan S Abramowitz John E. Calamari Sabine Wilhelm Dean McKay 《Behavior Therapy》2005,36(4):393-400
Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition, OCD subtypes have received limited attention in trials of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Because many patients with OCD do not respond optimally to CBT, it is important for clinicians to consider whether variability in treatment response is related to symptom presentation. Treatment modifications for patients without overt compulsions or with hoarding symptoms show promise. In this article we discuss the available research addressing the treatment of OCD subtypes, review the clinical characteristics and treatment recommendations for prominent OCD subtypes, raise the prospect of using dysfunctional beliefs as a potentially helpful conceptual approach to subtyping OCD and matching treatment to subtypes, and consider future directions in the treatment of OCD subtypes. 相似文献
908.
909.
Elizabeth Brondolo Kim P. Kelly Vonetta Coakley Tamar Gordon Shola Thompson Erika Levy Andrea Cassells Jonathan N. Tobin Monica Sweeney Richard J. Contrada 《Journal of applied social psychology》2005,35(2):335-365
This paper describes 2 studies that evaluated a new instrument, the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire‐Community Version (PEDQ‐CV). The PEDQ‐CV can be used across ethnic groups to assess perceived racism or ethnic discrimination. The scales measure several subdimensions of racism, permitting the examination of different forms of this race‐related stressor. The first study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PEDQ‐CV in a large sample of community‐dwelling adults. The second evaluated psychometric properties of a brief version of the PEDQ‐CV, developed for research protocols requiring a shorter administration time. Tests were made of reliability and several forms of construct validity. Both versions of the PEDQ‐CV have good reliability and construct validity. The PEDQ‐CV can facilitate the development of an integrative body of knowledge across different ethnic groups regarding the existence, determinants, and consequences of discrimination. 相似文献
910.
Jonathan Schaffer 《Philosophical Studies》2005,123(1-2):1-32
Is the relation between properties and the causal powers they confer necessary, or contingent? Necessary, says Sydney Shoemaker
on pain of skepticism about the properties. Contingent, says David Lewis, swallowing the skeptical conclusion. I shall argue
that Lewis is right about the metaphysics, but that Shoemaker and Lewis are wrong about the epistemology. Properties have
intrinsic natures (quiddities), which we can know. On route I shall also argue that (i) the main necessitarian arguments do
not converge on a single view, (ii) properties are transworld entities that cannot be handled by counterpart theory, and (iii)
quiddistic skepticism is merely external world skepticism writ small. 相似文献