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981.
Gordon Pennycook James Allan Cheyne Nathaniel Barr Derek J. Koehler Jonathan A. Fugelsang 《Thinking & reasoning》2014,20(2):188-214
While individual differences in the willingness and ability to engage analytic processing have long informed research in reasoning and decision making, the implications of such differences have not yet had a strong influence in other domains of psychological research. We claim that analytic thinking is not limited to problems that have a normative basis and, as an extension of this, predict that individual differences in analytic thinking will be influential in determining beliefs and values. Along with assessments of cognitive ability and style, religious beliefs, and moral values, participants judged the wrongness of acts considered disgusting and conventionally immoral, but that do not violate care- or fairness-based moral principles. Differences in willingness to engage analytic thinking predicted reduced judgements of wrongness, independent of demographics, political ideology, religiosity, and moral values. Further, we show that those who were higher in cognitive ability were less likely to indicate that purity, patriotism, and respect for traditions and authority are important to their moral thinking. These findings are consistent with a “Reflectionist” view that assumes a role for analytic thought in determining substantive, deeply-held human beliefs and values. 相似文献
982.
Agatha Lenartowicz Rafael Escobedo-Quiroz Jonathan D. Cohen 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(2):298-315
Flexible control of behavior depends on the representation, maintenance, and updating of context information in working memory,
which is thought to rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, in contrast to maintenance, the dynamics of context activation
and updating have not been well studied. To identify neural signals associated with context updating, we compared event-related
potentials associated with cues that did or did not provide task-relevant context information. The earliest effect of context
was detected 200 msec following cue onset and had a scalp topography consistent with a generator in the PFC. Subsequent effects
of context were detected at 400-700 msec following cue onset (P3b), with a broad scalp distribution spanning posterior areas,
and during the final 300 msec preceding the target, with a probable generator in the medial frontal cortex. We propose that
the effect of context on P2 is consistent with the onset of context updating in the PFC. Subsequent components may be indicative
of activation of task-relevant posterior regions and context maintenance. 相似文献
983.
984.
Marewski, Gaissmaier and Gigerenzer (2009) present a review of research on fast and frugal heuristics, arguing that complex
problems are best solved by simple heuristics, rather than the application of knowledge and logical reasoning. We argue that
the case for such heuristics is overrated. First, we point out that heuristics can often lead to biases as well as effective
responding. Second, we show that the application of logical reasoning can be both necessary and relatively simple. Finally,
we argue that the evidence for a logical reasoning system that co-exists with simpler heuristic forms of thinking is overwhelming.
Not only is it implausible a priori that we would have evolved such a system that is of no use to us, but extensive evidence from the literature on dual processing
in reasoning and judgement shows that many problems can only be solved when this form of reasoning is used to inhibit and
override heuristic thinking. 相似文献
985.
MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the present article, we present a software package, MouseTracker, that allows researchers to use a computer mouse-tracking
method for assessing real-time processing in psychological tasks. By recording the streaming x-, y-coordinates of the computer mouse while participants move the mouse into one of multiple response alternatives, motor dynamics
of the hand can reveal the time course of mental processes. MouseTracker provides researchers with fine-grained information
about the real-time evolution of participant responses by sampling 60–75 times/sec the online competition between multiple
response alternatives. MouseTracker allows researchers to develop and run experiments and subsequently analyze mouse trajectories
in a user-interactive, graphics-based environment. Experiments may incorporate images, letter strings, and sounds. Mouse trajectories
can be processed, averaged, visualized, and explored, and measures of spatial attraction/curvature, complexity, velocity,
and acceleration can be computed. We describe the software and the method, and we provide details on mouse trajectory analysis.
We validate the software by demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of its trajectory and reaction time data. The latest
version of MouseTracker is freely available at http://mousetracker.jbfreeman.net. 相似文献
986.
The present study tested a theoretical model of dispositional hope and positive religious coping as unique predictors of social justice commitment over and above impression management in a sample of graduate students (N?=?214) in helping professions at an Evangelical Protestant university in the USA. This empirical study utilised a cultural psychology approach with a theoretical framework developed from (a) an earlier cultural psychology study of hope and social justice using the social philosophies of Martin Luther King, Jr, Cornel West, and Paulo Freire and (b) several liberation and Pietistic theologians. Results supported the discriminant validity hypothesis with dispositional hope and positive religious coping each predicting social justice commitment over and above a measure of spiritual impression management. Implications are considered for contextually sensitive training and future empirical and interdisciplinary research on social justice commitment. 相似文献
987.
988.
In an intriguing essay, G. A. Cohen has defended a conservative bias in favour of existing value. In this paper, we consider whether Cohen’s conservatism raises a new challenge to the use of human enhancement technologies. We develop some of Cohen’s suggestive remarks into a new line of argument against human enhancement that, we believe, is in several ways superior to existing objections. However, we shall argue that on closer inspection, Cohen’s conservatism fails to offer grounds for a strong sweeping objection to enhancement, and may even offer positive support for forms of enhancement that preserve valuable features of human beings. Nevertheless, we concede that Cohen’s arguments may suggest some plausible and important constraints on the modality of legitimate and desirable enhancements. 相似文献
989.
990.
Jonathan Asser 《Psychodynamic Practice》2013,19(1):7-19
In this paper I talk about the potential benefits for offenders of working within the transitional space provided by a discussion group. Through ‘play’ these men have an opportunity to interact and learn to be potent without resorting to omnipotent defences of violence to get their own way. In considering the discussion group within the context of the prison as a whole, I focus on the relationship between staff and prisoners and how this relationship can be managed in such a way as to create more opportunities for thinking, leading to an enhanced focus on rehabilitation. 相似文献