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871.
Yusuke Hayashi Jonathan E. Friedel Anne M. Foreman Oliver Wirth 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2019,112(3):273-289
The goal of this study was to determine whether cluster analysis could be used to identify distinct subgroups of text message users based on behavioral economic indices of demand for text messaging. Cluster analysis is an analytic technique that attempts to categorize cases based on similarities across selected variables. Participants completed a questionnaire about mobile phone usage and a hypothetical texting demand task in which they indicated their likelihood of paying an extra charge to continue to send text messages. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted on behavioral economic indices, such as demand intensity, demand elasticity, breakpoint, and the maximum expenditure. With the cluster analysis, we identified 3 subgroups of text message users. The groups were characterized by (a) high intensity and low elasticity, (b) high intensity and medium elasticity, and (c) low intensity and high elasticity. In a demonstration of convergent validity, there were statistically significant and conceptually meaningful differences across the subgroups in various measures of mobile phone use and text messaging. Cluster analysis is a useful tool for identifying and profiling distinct, practically meaningful groups based on behavioral indices and could provide a framework for targeting interventions more efficiently. 相似文献
872.
873.
Philosophical Studies - Facts about justification are not brute facts. They are epistemic facts that depend upon more fundamental non-epistemic facts. Internalists about justification often argue... 相似文献
874.
Jonathan Van t Riet Gabi Schaap Mariska Kleemans Harm Veling Sophie Lecheler 《Political psychology》2019,40(4):837-857
Anger expression is increasingly prevalent in political news messages. However, the persuasive effects of expressing anger in a political context have received scant attention from researchers. We conducted two experiments to investigate the hypothesis that anger expression is detrimental to persuasion because it runs counter to well‐established social norms for the polite expression of opinions. We created political news messages including a persuasive appeal by a politician that was supported either with an expression of anger or with an expression of nonemotional disagreement. The results of Experiment 1 (N = 120) showed that anger messages were perceived as less appropriate than control messages, and that politicians expressing anger were perceived as less likable and less competent than politicians who disagreed in nonemotional terms. In Experiment 2 (N = 1,005), the negative effects of anger expression on perceived likability and competence were replicated. Also in line with Experiment 1, anger messages were perceived as less appropriate, but this time only for those with negative a priori attitudes toward the advocated position. In contrast, those with positive a priori positions toward the advocated position perceived anger messages as more appropriate than the control messages. 相似文献
875.
Avi Besser Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Jonathan Guez 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(3):206-228
The current paper describes the results of an experiment in which 200 students who varied in levels of trait perfectionism
performed a laboratory task and then were assessed in terms of levels of state affect, state self-esteem, and state automatic
thoughts. Independent variables included task difficulty (high versus moderate level of difficulty) and performance feedback
independent of their actual level of performance (positive or negative). Analyses also examined objective levels of performance
(i.e., the number of errors on the task) and initial confidence in performance. Analyses showed that the experience of state
automatic thoughts involving perfectionism was associated with negative automatic thoughts, negative affective reactions,
and lower state self-esteem. Analyses of changes in mood and self-esteem showed generally that participants high in socially
prescribed perfectionism had increased levels of dysphoria and anxiety and lower levels of state self-esteem following the
experience of negative performance feedback or after having a relatively poor performance. Analyses of the physiological measures
found increased systolic blood pressure among self-oriented perfectionists who had poorer performance and among socially prescribed
perfectionists who had received negative feedback about their performance. The results for heart-rate changes yielded a less
clear pattern, though there was evidence that participants with high socially prescribed perfectionism had increased heart
rate if they received negative feedback and were relatively low in confidence. Collectively, these findings illustrate that
how perfectionists react in challenging situations varies as a function of actual performance, performance feedback, and feelings
of personal efficacy.
相似文献
Gordon L. FlettEmail: |
876.
Jonathan Tallant 《Synthese》2008,162(1):117-132
The purpose of this paper is two fold: first, I look to show Oaklander’s (The ontology of time. New York: Prometheus Books, 2004) theory of time to be false. Second, I show that the only way to salvage the B-theory is
via the adopting of the causal theory of time, and allying this to Oaklander’s claim that tense is to be eliminated. I then
raise some concerns with the causal theory of time. My conclusion is that, if one adopts eternalism, the unreality of time
looks a better option than the B-theory.
With thanks to Robin Le Poidevin, Robbie Williams, Andrew McGonigal, Peter Simons, Chris Timpson and an anonymous referee
for this journal for comments on a previous draft. 相似文献
877.
Why have humans, throughout history and across cultures, shown a strong tendency to believe in the existence of superhuman intentional agents and attached this belief to notions of morality, misfortune, and the creation of the world? The answer emerging from the cognitive science of religion appears to be that explicit beliefs are informed and constrained by the natural and cross-culturally recurrent operation of implicit cognitive systems. Successful god concepts resonate with the expectations of these implicit systems but also have attention-demanding and inferentially-rich properties that allow their integration into various areas of human concern. Theological concepts may deviate from these natural cognitive moorings but require special cultural scaffolding, such as Whitehouse's two Modes of Religiosity, to do so and constitute additions to, rather than replacements of the religious beliefs supported by implicit cognitive systems. 相似文献
878.
879.
Cosand LD Cavanagh TM Brown AA Courtney CG Rissling AJ Schell AM Dawson ME 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(4):1105-1113
There are wide individual differences in the ability to detect a stimulus contingency embedded in a complex paradigm. The present study used a cognitive masking paradigm to better understand individual differences related to contingency learning. Participants were assessed on measures of electrodermal arousal and on working memory capacity before engaging in the contingency learning task. Contingency awareness was assessed both by trial-by-trial verbal reports obtained during the task and by a short post-task recognition questionnaire. Participants who became aware had fewer non-specific skin conductance responses and tended to score higher on a digit span assessment. Skin conductance level was not significantly lower in the aware group than in the unaware group. These findings are consistent with studies showing that lower arousal and greater cognitive processing capacity facilitate conscious perception of a greater breadth of information within a scene or a task. 相似文献
880.
Brigman JL Feyder M Saksida LM Bussey TJ Mishina M Holmes A 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(2):50-54
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate certain forms of synaptic plasticity and learning. We used a touchscreen system to assess NR2A subunit knockout mice (KO) for (1) pairwise visual discrimination and reversal learning and (2) acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response requiring no pairwise discrimination. NR2A KO mice exhibited significantly retarded discrimination learning. Performance on reversal was impaired in NR2A KO mice during the learning phase of the task; with no evidence of heightened perseverative responses. Acquisition and extinction of an instrumental behavior requiring no pairwise discrimination was normal in NR2A KO mice. The present findings demonstrate a significant and selective deficit in discrimination learning following loss of NR2A. 相似文献