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801.
To explore the mechanisms underlying the ability to intentionally forget, the present study combined an itemmethod directed
forgetting paradigm with tasks that measure stop-signal inhibition (Experiments 1 and 2) and inhibition of return (IOR; Experiment
2). Following each study-phase instruction to remember (R) or forget (F), a target was presented centrally (Experiment 1)
or to the left or right in the visual periphery (Experiment 2); the target required a speeded response that was sometimes
countermanded by a central stop signal. Although stopsignal reaction times were unaffected by the preceding memory instruction
(or relationship with word-target location), F instructions improved stopping and delayed responses. Replicating previous
findings in the literature, significant IOR was observed following F instructions but not following R instructions (Experiment
2). These findings suggest that intentional forgetting is an active cognitive process that more likely engages attentional
mechanisms related to orienting than those related to stop-signal inhibition. 相似文献
802.
Many human and animal tasks are thought to be controlled with the tau informational variable. It is widely accepted that controlling the rate of change of tau (tau) during decelerative tasks, such as when braking or landing, is one common perceptual control strategy. However, many tasks require accelerating before decelerating to a goal, such as reaching. An advancement of tau theory shows how a single action formula may be used to control the full action unit from initiation to peak velocity, and to rest at the goal, with the same perceptual tau information as before and accounting for the same decelerative kinematics as before. Here, we test the theory against data from high-speed video of a hummingbird flying to its flower feeder. We find that the theory accounts for 97% of the variance in the data, and thus supports it. 相似文献
803.
Michael G. Wheaton Noah C. Berman Joseph C. Franklin Jonathan S. Abramowitz 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):565-574
Although currently classified as a somatoform disorder, cognitive-behavioral models conceptualize hypochondriasis (HC) as
a severe form of health anxiety. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) is a measure derived from this conceptualization
that measures health anxiety symptoms across the range of severity. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding
this measure’s factor structure, but these studies employed factor analytic tools that did not account for the categorical
nature of SHAI items. The present psychometric study was designed to address these inconsistencies using categorical factor
analysis. Using data from a large student sample we found that the SHAI had two factors: Illness Likelihood and Illness Severity. We also examined the relationship between these domains and cognitive variables associated with other anxiety disorders.
Results suggested that the psychological processes present in obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder are also associated
with health anxiety. Implications for the conceptualization and classification of severe health anxiety are discussed. 相似文献
804.
M. Carole Pistole Amber Roberts Jonathan E. Mosko 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2010,88(2):146-153
In this web‐based study, the authors examined long‐distance relationships (LDRs) and geographically close relationships (GCRs). Two hierarchical multiple regressions (N = 138) indicated that attachment predicted LDR and GCR commitment in Step 1. Final equations indicated that high satisfaction and investments predicted LDR commitment, whereas low attachment avoidance, low cooperative caregiving, high satisfaction, and low alternatives predicted GCR commitment. The pattern of predictors differed for LDRs versus GCRs. 相似文献
805.
Maladaptive cognitions are widespread and play a significant role in the development of chronic pain. (1) Catastrophizing
seems to increase the risk of chronicity. In the laboratory it amplifies temporal summation of pain with repeated stimulation
and delays the disengagement of attention from pain. In neuroimaging it is associated with increased activation in regions
of the cortex involved in attention, the aversiveness of pain, and possibly pain intensity. (2) Fearful anticipation of pain
seems to pre-activate brain regions involved in both the sensory and emotional intensity of pain and primes a stronger initial
pain response. It may lead to abnormal patterns of muscle recruitment that, speculatively, may predispose to injury. (3) Belief
that normal activity should be avoided seems to promote unnecessary long-term disability in nonspecific low back pain. Extreme
guarding may intensify pain through loss of inhibition from motor cortex. (4) Educational programs targeting maladaptive beliefs
have shown benefit in the primary prevention of chronic back pain in both pain-free and acute pain populations. In established
chronic pain, cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown efficacy in improving pain intensity, coping and pain behaviors when
compared with usual treatment. (5) Possible future research directions and clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
806.
Bernstein A Stickle TR Zvolensky MJ Taylor S Abramowitz J Stewart S 《Behavior Therapy》2010,41(4):515-529
The present study tested multiple, competing latent structural models of anxiety sensitivity (AS), as measured by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3; Taylor et al., 2007). Data were collected from 3 sites in North America (N = 634). Participants were predominantly university students (M = 21.3 years, SD = 5.4). ASI-3 data were evaluated using an integration of mixture modeling and confirmatory factor analysis—factor mixture modeling (FMM; Muthén, 2008). Results supported a 2-class 3-factor partially invariant model of AS. Specifically, the FMM analyses indicated that AS is a taxonic (two-class) variable, and that each categorical class has a unique multidimensional factor structure. Consistent with the specific point-prediction regarding the hypothesized parameters of the putative latent class variable, FMM indicated that the putatively “high-risk” subgroup of cases or latent form of AS composed approximately 12% of the studied sample whereas the putatively “normative” subgroup of cases or latent form of AS composed 88% of the sample. In addition, the AS Physical and Psychological Concerns subscales, but not the Social Concerns subscale, most strongly discriminated between the two latent classes. Finally, comparison of continuous levels of AS Physical and Psychological Concerns between FMM-derived AS latent classes and independent clinical samples of patients with anxiety disorders provided empirical support for the theorized taxonic-dimensional model of AS and anxiety psychopathology vulnerability. Findings are discussed in regard to the implications of this and related research into the nature of AS and anxiety psychopathology vulnerability. 相似文献
807.
Mental imagery is thought to share properties with perception. To what extent does the process of imagining a scene share neural circuits and computational mechanisms with actually perceiving the same scene? Here, we investigated whether mental imagery of motion in a particular direction recruits neural circuits tuned to the same direction of perceptual motion. To address this question we made use of a visual illusion, the motion aftereffect. We found that following prolonged imagery of motion in one direction, people are more likely to perceive real motion test probes as moving in the direction opposite to the direction of motion imagery. The transfer of adaptation from imagined to perceived motion provides evidence that motion imagery and motion perception recruit shared direction-selective neural circuitry. Even in the absence of any visual stimuli, people can selectively recruit specific low-level sensory neurons through mental imagery. 相似文献
808.
Applying signal-detection theory to the study of observer accuracy and bias in behavioral assessment
Lerman DC Tetreault A Hovanetz A Bellaci E Miller J Karp H Mahmood A Strobel M Mullen S Keyl A Toupard A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):195-213
We evaluated the feasibility and utility of a laboratory model for examining observer accuracy within the framework of signal-detection theory (SDT). Sixty-one individuals collected data on aggression while viewing videotaped segments of simulated teacher-child interactions. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine if brief feedback and contingencies for scoring accurately would bias responding reliably. Experiment 2 focused on one variable (specificity of the operational definition) that we hypothesized might decrease the likelihood of bias. The effects of social consequences and information about expected behavior change were examined in Experiment 3. Results indicated that feedback and contingencies reliably biased responding and that the clarity of the definition only moderately affected this outcome. 相似文献
809.
Andrew M. Busch Glenn M. Callaghan Jonathan W. Kanter David E. Baruch Cristal Weeks 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2010,40(1):11-19
Few theories of psychotherapy give direction to the therapist on a moment-to-moment level or make predictions about how specific
therapist techniques change client behavior in session. Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP, Kohlenberg and Tsai in Functional
analytic psychotherapy: a guide for creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. Plenum, New York 1991) provides this direction and prediction. Specifically, FAP claims that client problem behaviors will be displayed in the
therapeutic relationship and that the therapist can improve client in-session behavior through differential, contingent responding.
Further, it is assumed that these improvements in session can be generalized to out of session relationships. The FAP rating
scale (FAPRS) was developed for the purpose of coding in-session client and therapist behaviors in an effort to test FAP’s
purported mechanism of change. The current study seeks to replicate and extend initial FAPRS findings (Callaghan et al. in
J Contemp Psychother 33:321–339, 2003) regarding mechanism of change and to address transportability. FAPRS coding data from a single successful case of an individual
diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder and treated with FAP is presented. Results indicate that the FAPRS system is
transportable and are generally supportive of the claim that therapist contingent responding leads to client improvement. 相似文献
810.
On Sinnott-Armstrong’s Case Against Moral Intuitionism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jonathan Smith 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(1):75-88
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong has argued against moral intuitionism, according to which some of our moral beliefs are justified
without needing to be inferred from any other beliefs. He claims that any prima facie justification some non-inferred moral
beliefs might have enjoyed is removed because many of our moral beliefs are formed in circumstances where either (1) we are
partial, (2) others disagree with us and there is no reason to prefer our moral judgement to theirs, (3) we are emotional
in a way that clouds our judgement, (4) the circumstances are conducive to illusion, or (5) the source of our moral beliefs
is unreliable or disreputable. I take issue with the elements of Sinnott-Armstrong’s argument that centre on (1) to (3) and
(5), concluding that his case against moral intuitionism is unpersuasive. 相似文献