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951.
Floyd O''Brien 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1968,11(5):537-542
Institutionalized retardates were exposed to a multiple variable-interval: extinction schedule of reinforcement in which 5-min periods of variable-interval reinforcement and 5-min periods of extinction were presented in a random order. This schedule was found to generate sequential contrast effects: response rates during variable-interval reinforcement were higher when a variable-interval period followed an extinction period than when it followed another variable-interval period. The rate of responding within a variable-interval period also was affected by the number of extinction periods preceding a variable-interval period. As the number of successive extinction periods that preceded a variable-interval period increased, the rate of responding during that variable-interval period increased. The sequential contrast effects were transient, being most evident during the early sessions and generally disappearing by the tenth session. 相似文献
952.
The use of principal components analysis (PCA) for the study of evoked-response data may be complicated by variations from one trial to another in the latency of underlying brain events. Such variation can come from either random intra-and intersubject variability or from the effects of independent variables that are manipulated between conditions. The effect of such variability is investigated by simulation of these latency-varying events and by analysis of evoked responses in a behavioral task, the Sternberg memory search task, which is well known to generate variation in the latency of brain events. The results of PCA of within-subjects differences in these two situations are plausibly related to underlying stages of information processing, and the technique may augment reaction time data by providing information on the time of occurrence as well as the duration of stages of information processing. 相似文献
953.
The effects of muscle tension on cerebral circulation in blood-phobic and non-phobic subjects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jonathan Foulds Klaus Wiedmann James Patterson Neil Brooks 《Behaviour research and therapy》1990,28(6):481-486
This study aimed to assess whether (1) a muscle tensing procedure which has been found to be useful in the treatment of blood-phobic patients produces an increase in heart rate and cerebral blood flow and (2) whether this increase is greater than that produced by mental effort alone. Subjects were 17 volunteers with a history of fainting in response to blood-injury stimuli, (12 were phobic) and 8 volunteers with no fainting history. They were required to (a) rest, (b) do mental arithmetic, and (c) repeatedly tense and release their arm and leg muscles. It was found that Ss, heart rate and cerebral blood flow velocity were significantly greater during the muscle tensing procedure than during mental arithmetic or resting conditions. The increased cerebral blood flow produced by muscle tensing may enable blood phobic patients to prevent fainting during exposure treatment. 相似文献
954.
955.
Jonathan E. Adler 《Argumentation》1993,7(3):263-272
An epistemic account of fallacies is one which takes it as a necessary condition for a fallacy that it has a tendency to produce false or unwarranted beliefs. The most sophisticated form of this account occurs in an article by Robert J. Fogelin and Timothy J. Duggan (Fallacies,Argumentation 1, 1987, pp. 255–262). I criticize the Fogelin and Duggan proposal, in particular, and epistemic accounts, more generally. Though an epistemic approach is attractive, it enlarges the class of fallacies, beyond what would be permitted by traditional accounts. I also question thenecessity of fallacies leading to unwarranted beliefs. Some fallacies are fallacious due to their expected harm to argument practices. This position touches on a theme in the work of Van Eemeren and Grootendorst, though I criticize their notion of rules of argument as too broad. 相似文献
956.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows noninvasive imaging of hemodynamic changes related to neural activity. This technique can be used in single-subject designs and can provide millimeter spatial resolution and temporal resolution in the range of 5–10 sec. This paper provides a brief introduction to MRI techniques and their application to functional neuroimaging, focusing on methodological issues that are of particular concern to psychologists, including methods for presenting computerized stimuli to subjects without disrupting the scanner, experimental design issues, and statistical analysis and image processing procedures. To illustrate methodological issues, recent results from a series of studies looking at the topographic organization of visual cortex are presented. General issues concerning limitations in this technique, future directions in its development, its relationship to other neuroimaging techniques, and the role of functional neuroimaging in psychological research are addressed in the Discussion. 相似文献
957.
958.
This exploratory field study evaluated the impact of a formal return to work program in a hospital setting. Results from a case study suggest that the return to work program reduced the average number of lost work days among injured employees. Implications of these results are discussed and future research is suggested. 相似文献
959.
960.
Jonathan P. Seldin 《Studia Logica》1989,48(2):193-217
The usual rule used to obtain natural deduction formulations of classical logic from intuitionistic logic, namely
is stronger then necessary, and will give classical logic when added to minimal logic. A rule which is precisely strong enough
to give classical logic from intuitionistic logic, and which is thus exactly equivalent to the law of the excluded middle,
is
It is a special case of a version of Peirce's law:
In this paper it is shown how to normalize logics defined using these last two rules. Part I deals with propositional logics
and first order predicate logics. Part II will deal with first order arithmetic and second order logics.
This research was supported in part by grants EQ1648, EQ2908, and CE 110 of the program Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs
et l'aide à la Recherche (F.C.A.R.) of the Quèbec Ministry of Education. 相似文献