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991.
Avi Besser Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Jonathan Guez 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(3):206-228
The current paper describes the results of an experiment in which 200 students who varied in levels of trait perfectionism
performed a laboratory task and then were assessed in terms of levels of state affect, state self-esteem, and state automatic
thoughts. Independent variables included task difficulty (high versus moderate level of difficulty) and performance feedback
independent of their actual level of performance (positive or negative). Analyses also examined objective levels of performance
(i.e., the number of errors on the task) and initial confidence in performance. Analyses showed that the experience of state
automatic thoughts involving perfectionism was associated with negative automatic thoughts, negative affective reactions,
and lower state self-esteem. Analyses of changes in mood and self-esteem showed generally that participants high in socially
prescribed perfectionism had increased levels of dysphoria and anxiety and lower levels of state self-esteem following the
experience of negative performance feedback or after having a relatively poor performance. Analyses of the physiological measures
found increased systolic blood pressure among self-oriented perfectionists who had poorer performance and among socially prescribed
perfectionists who had received negative feedback about their performance. The results for heart-rate changes yielded a less
clear pattern, though there was evidence that participants with high socially prescribed perfectionism had increased heart
rate if they received negative feedback and were relatively low in confidence. Collectively, these findings illustrate that
how perfectionists react in challenging situations varies as a function of actual performance, performance feedback, and feelings
of personal efficacy.
相似文献
Gordon L. FlettEmail: |
992.
Holly Hatton M Brent Donnellan Katherine Maysn Betsy J Feldman Dannelle Larsen-Rife Rand D Conger 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(3):448-455
A latent trait-state-occasion (TSO) model (D. A. Cole, N. C. Martin, & J. H. Steiger, 2005) was used to isolate the trait and state components of negative interpersonal behaviors toward a friend or romantic partner during emerging adulthood. Results indicate that variance in negative interpersonal behaviors was due to nearly equal portions of Trait and Occasion factors. Variability in the trait aspects of negative interpersonal behaviors was then predicted by theoretically relevant constructs. In particular, mothers' negative behaviors during adolescence, adolescent core self-evaluations, negative emotionality, and feelings of security in close relationships had independent effects in predicting the enduring aspects of negative interpersonal behaviors. All told, these results indicate that TSO models can be helpful tools for understanding the developmental antecedents of the trait-like aspects of interpersonal processes. 相似文献
993.
Richard Feldman 《Synthese》2008,161(3):339-355
Deontologism in epistemology holds that epistemic justification may be understood in terms of “deontological” sentences about
what one ought to believe or is permitted to believe, or what one deserves praise for believing, or in some similar way. If
deonotologism is true, and people have justified beliefs, then the deontological sentences can be true. However, some say,
these deontological sentences can be true only if people have a kind of freedom or control over their beliefs that they do
not in fact have. Thus, deontologism in epistemology, combined with anti-skepticism, has implausible implications. I first
describe one sort of control that people typically have over ordinary actions but do not have over typical beliefs. I then
argue that there is a paradigmatic type of epistemic evaluation that does properly apply to beliefs even though we lack this
sort of control over them. Finally, I argue that these paradigmatic epistemic evaluations are sufficient to make true some
of the deontological sentences. 相似文献
994.
Jonathan Tallant 《Synthese》2008,162(1):117-132
The purpose of this paper is two fold: first, I look to show Oaklander’s (The ontology of time. New York: Prometheus Books, 2004) theory of time to be false. Second, I show that the only way to salvage the B-theory is
via the adopting of the causal theory of time, and allying this to Oaklander’s claim that tense is to be eliminated. I then
raise some concerns with the causal theory of time. My conclusion is that, if one adopts eternalism, the unreality of time
looks a better option than the B-theory.
With thanks to Robin Le Poidevin, Robbie Williams, Andrew McGonigal, Peter Simons, Chris Timpson and an anonymous referee
for this journal for comments on a previous draft. 相似文献
995.
Why have humans, throughout history and across cultures, shown a strong tendency to believe in the existence of superhuman intentional agents and attached this belief to notions of morality, misfortune, and the creation of the world? The answer emerging from the cognitive science of religion appears to be that explicit beliefs are informed and constrained by the natural and cross-culturally recurrent operation of implicit cognitive systems. Successful god concepts resonate with the expectations of these implicit systems but also have attention-demanding and inferentially-rich properties that allow their integration into various areas of human concern. Theological concepts may deviate from these natural cognitive moorings but require special cultural scaffolding, such as Whitehouse's two Modes of Religiosity, to do so and constitute additions to, rather than replacements of the religious beliefs supported by implicit cognitive systems. 相似文献
996.
997.
Rosario M Salzinger S Feldman RS Ng-Mak DS 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(1-2):43-62
The roles of social support and coping as intervening processes between exposure to community violence and internalizing symptoms were examined longitudinally among a community sample of 667 middle school students in the inner city. After controlling for potential confounders (e.g., social desirability, victimization and witnessing of family violence, guardian's psychological symptomatology), internalizing symptoms at Year 2 were predicted by hypothesized changes over 1 year, such that increased community violence exposure, decreased guardian and peer support, and increased use of defensive and confrontational behavioral coping were related to more internalizing symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD, although some of these relations varied by gender. The relations between internalizing symptoms at Year 3 and increased changes in exposure to community violence over 2 years were moderated by social support and/or coping, such that decreased guardian support and increased use of defensive and confrontational coping were generally associated with more symptoms for boys exposed to community violence. Girls who witnessed increased community violence and who increased their use of defensive or confrontational coping experienced more internalizing symptoms. The findings underscore the importance of developmental and contextual considerations in the design and implementation of interventions. 相似文献
998.
Brigman JL Feyder M Saksida LM Bussey TJ Mishina M Holmes A 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(2):50-54
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate certain forms of synaptic plasticity and learning. We used a touchscreen system to assess NR2A subunit knockout mice (KO) for (1) pairwise visual discrimination and reversal learning and (2) acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response requiring no pairwise discrimination. NR2A KO mice exhibited significantly retarded discrimination learning. Performance on reversal was impaired in NR2A KO mice during the learning phase of the task; with no evidence of heightened perseverative responses. Acquisition and extinction of an instrumental behavior requiring no pairwise discrimination was normal in NR2A KO mice. The present findings demonstrate a significant and selective deficit in discrimination learning following loss of NR2A. 相似文献
999.
The theory of memory reconsolidation relates to the hypothesized restabilisation process that occurs following the reactivation of a memory through retrieval. Thus the demonstration of reactivation-dependent amnesia for a previously acquired memory is a prerequisite for showing that such a memory undergoes reconsolidation. Here we show that the appetitive Pavlovian representations that underlie Pavlovian approach and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer are destabilized following their retrieval. This reactivation-dependent amnesia demonstrates that the general motivational or incentive properties of appetitive conditioned stimuli, as well as their conditioned reinforcing properties, can be reduced by blocking memory reconsolidation. 相似文献
1000.
Mond JM Myers TC Crosby RD Hay PJ Rodgers B Morgan JF Lacey JH Mitchell JE 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(5):612-622
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: The comparative validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (22 items) and SCOFF (five items) in screening for cases of the more commonly occurring eating disorders was examined in a primary care sample of young adult women (n=257). Diagnoses were confirmed in a sub-group of interviewed participants (n=147). RESULTS: Twenty-five cases, primarily variants of bulimia nervosa (BN) not meeting formal diagnostic criteria, were identified in the interviewed sample. An EDE-Q global score of >or= 2.80 yielded the optimal trade-off between sensitivity (Se) (0.80) and specificity (Sp) (0.80) (positive predictive value (PPV)=0.44), whereas a score of two or more positive responses on the SCOFF was optimal (Se=0.72, Sp=0.73, PPV=0.35). Validity coefficients for both measures varied as a function of participants' age and body weight, although these effects were more pronounced for the SCOFF. CONCLUSIONS: Both measures performed well in terms of their ability to detect cases and to exclude non-cases of the more commonly occurring eating disorders in a primary care setting. The EDE-Q performed somewhat better than the SCOFF and was more robust to effects on validity of age and weight. These findings need to be weighed against the advantage of the SCOFF in terms of its brevity. 相似文献