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121.
122.
Stefan Küchemann Goodwin Gibbins Joe Corkerton Eleanor Brug Jonas Ruebsam Konrad Samwer 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(12):454-460
When a solid crosses the glass transition, viscous flow sets in and the glass transforms into a supercooled liquid. The glass transition temperature exhibits a heating rate dependence which was previously observed to follow a Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation. Here we report on a change in the heating rate dependence of the glass transition, determined by the distinct increase in the specific heat capacity, of a metallic glass. We combine standard techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry with recently developed ohmic heating techniques in order to cover seven orders of magnitude in heating rate. Contrary to previous reports, our results show that the change of the glass transition temperature cannot be described by a single VFT equation. Instead we find two distinct regimes which independently follow a VFT expression. 相似文献
123.
Stimulus–reinforcer relations established during training determine resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement
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John Y. H. Bai C. K. Jonas Chan Douglas Elliffe Christopher A. Podlesnik 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,106(3):225-241
The baseline rate of a reinforced target response decreases with the availability of response‐independent sources of alternative reinforcement; however, resistance to disruption and relapse increases. Because many behavioral treatments for problem behavior include response‐dependent reinforcement of alternative behavior, the present study assessed whether response‐dependent alternative reinforcement also decreases baseline response rates but increases resistance to extinction and relapse. We reinforced target responding at equal rates across two components of a multiple schedule with pigeons. We compared resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement of (1) a target response trained concurrently with a reinforced alternative response in one component with (2) a target response trained either concurrently or in separate components from the alternative response across conditions. Target response rates trained alone in baseline were higher but resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement tests were greater after training concurrently with the alternative response. In another assessment, training target and alternative responding together, but separating them during extinction and reinstatement tests, produced equal resistance to extinction and relapse. Together, these findings are consistent with behavioral momentum theory—operant response–reinforcer relations determined baseline response rates but Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relations established during training determined resistance to extinction and relapse. These findings imply that reinforcing alternative behavior to treat problem behavior could initially reduce rates but increase persistence. 相似文献
124.
The vicious circle of religious prejudice: Islamophobia makes the acculturation attitudes of majority and minority members clash
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Jonas R. Kunst Talieh Sadeghi Hajra Tahir David Sam Lotte Thomsen 《European journal of social psychology》2016,46(2):249-259
Public discourse often portrays Islam as the main obstacle for Muslim minorities' integration, paying little attention to the contextual factors hindering this process. Here, we focus on islamophobia as one destructive factor that hinders the mutual integration between Muslim minority and Western majority members, affecting both groups. In Study 1, the more islamophobic majority members were, the more they expected Muslims to give up their heritage culture and the less they wanted them to integrate. In Study 2, only when Muslims experienced substantial religious discrimination did religious identity negatively relate to national engagement and particularly positively relate to ethnic engagement. Together, the studies suggest that religious prejudice in the form of islamophobia is a major obstacle to Muslims' integration because it increases the incongruity between majority and minority members' acculturation attitudes. 相似文献
125.
We investigated chimpanzees’ spontaneous spatial constructions with objects. Two were common chimpanzees ages 6 and 18 years and one was an 11‐year‐old bonobo raised in a very enriched human environment from very early in life. Chimpanzees’ products and procedures were quite advanced when constructing functional spatial relations by placing objects in or on each other, but not when constructing nonfunctional spatial relations by placing objects next to each other. This difference was found in all their constructions, including their spatial correspondences and spatial symmetries. Compared to those of younger nonencultured chimpanzees all their spatial constructions were more advanced. Compared to human infants, their functional spatial constructions were also more advanced but their nonfunctional spatial constructions were less advanced. 相似文献
126.
Brentano and the Buck-Passers 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
127.
Pickering C Avesson L Lindblom J Liljequist S Schiöth HB 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(2):181-191
Learning to perform instrumental tasks is an ability of all animals. In a population of rats, not all individuals will acquire an operant response for reward. We hypothesized that there could be a genetic explanation for differences between High Consumers (those that acquired the lever press response) and Low Consumers (lever press response is low). Additionally, we proposed that this genetic difference could produce measurable changes in response to novelty. Wistar rats were trained to lever press for a 0.2% saccharin reward and on the 10th day they were placed in a novel open field for 30 min to record locomotor activity. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were dissected and qPCR was used to measure mRNA expression. A significant difference (p=.048; 2-way ANOVA) in gene expression was observed between Low and High Consumers. A principal component analysis (PCA), to cluster which genes represent this difference, identified 4 genes; 5-HT2A and mGlu1 in the hippocampus and AMPA GluR1 and adrenergic alpha2A in the prefrontal cortex. Response to a novel open field also differed since Low Consumers displayed a higher Total Distance in comparison to High Consumers. Additionally, Low Consumers could be subdivided into Low-Lever (with lever press response only when water deprived) and Low-Non-Lever (lever press response is low throughout training). PCA with this subdivision identified an additional nine genes differing within the divisions; NMDA NR2B and GABAAalpha3 in the prefrontal cortex and adrenergic alpha2B and alpha2A, AMPA GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3, 5-HT1B and GABAAalpha5 in the hippocampus. 相似文献
128.
Deanna J. Greene Eric Mooshagian Jonas T. Kaplan Eran Zaidel Marco Iacoboni 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):499-511
Previous evidence suggests that directional social cues (e.g., eye gaze) cause automatic shifts in attention toward gaze direction.
It has been proposed that automatic attentional orienting driven by social cues (social orienting) involves a different neural
network from automatic orienting driven by nonsocial cues. However, previous neuroimaging studies on social orienting have
only compared gaze cues to symbolic cues, which typically engage top-down mechanisms. Therefore, we directly compared the
neural activity involved in social orienting to that involved in purely automatic nonsocial orienting. Twenty participants
performed a spatial cueing task consisting of social (gaze) cues and automatic nonsocial (peripheral squares) cues presented
at short and long stimulus (cue-to-target) onset asynchronies (SOA), while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, a facilitation effect
was found for both cue types at the short SOA, while an inhibitory effect (inhibition of return: IOR) was found only for nonsocial
cues at the long SOA. Imaging results demonstrated that social and nonsocial cues recruited a largely overlapping fronto-parietal
network. In addition, social cueing evoked greater activity in occipito-temporal regions at both SOAs, while nonsocial cueing
recruited greater subcortical activity, but only for the long SOA (when IOR was found). A control experiment, including central
arrow cues, confirmed that the occipito-temporal activity was at least in part due to the social nature of the cue and not
simply to the location of presentation (central vs. peripheral). These results suggest an evolutionary trajectory for automatic
orienting, from predominantly subcortical mechanisms for nonsocial orienting to predominantly cortical mechanisms for social
orienting. 相似文献
129.
工作记忆的保持与操控:腹侧和背侧额叶皮层的特异性功能磁共振成像活动 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了进行大样本的老化与记忆的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究, 研究者设计了言语工作记忆的方案, 并且对一组健康青年人进行了施测。字母的呈现方式主要为两种条件: (i) 保持, 要求被试记住呈现的字母并且能够在4秒的间隔后保持; (ii) 操控, 被试需要将呈现的字母按字母表的顺序进行转换, 并且记住新的顺序。不管是用全脑分析, 还是用预先定义的感兴趣区域的分析方法, 对fMRI数据的分析表明本方案诱发了可靠的额叶皮层的激活, 且操控条件则引发了更为广泛的激活。背外侧和腹内侧前额叶的激活也表现出了不同特点, 操控引发了更多的背外侧前额叶激活。一些皮下区域也得到了激活, 特别是以前发现与工作记忆任务相关的一些区域。这说明该工作记忆研究方案适合探索额叶功能的与年龄相关的改变。 相似文献
130.