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191.
Although researchers are often concerned with the presence of participant demand, few have directly examined effects of demand on participant behavior. Before beginning the present study, a confederate informed participants (N = 100) of the study's purported hypothesis. Participants then performed a laboratory task designed to evaluate the extent to which they would respond in ways that may confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis of the study. The authors found that participants tended to respond in ways that confirmed the hypothesis, yet this tendency depended on attitudes toward the experiment or experimenter and other individual differences. In addition, results suggested that suspicion probes may be ineffective in measuring participants' previous knowledge and suspicion. Findings indicate the need for more research and consideration of demand in the design of studies and analysis of data. 相似文献
192.
We conducted a longitudinal-biometric study examining stability and change in personality from ages 17 to 24 in a community sample of male and female twins. Using Tellegen's (in press) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), facets of Negative Emotionality (NEM) declined substantially at the mean and individual levels, whereas facets of Constraint (CON) increased over time. Furthermore, individuals in late adolescence who were lowest on NEM and highest on CON remained the most stable over time, whereas those exhibiting the inverse profile (higher NEM, lower CON) changed the most in a direction towards growth and maturity. Analyses of gender differences yielded greater mean-level increases over time for women as compared to men on facets of CON and greater mean-level increases for men than women on facets of Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM). Biometric analyses revealed rank-order stability in personality to be largely genetic, with rank-order change mediated by both the nonshared environment (and error) as well as genes. Findings correspond with prior evidence of a normative trend toward growth and maturity in personality during emerging adulthood. 相似文献
193.
Erik Carlson 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2008,52(4):250-259
Standard theories of extensive measurement assume that the objects to be measured form a complete order with respect to the relevant property. In this paper, representation and uniqueness theorems are presented for a theory that departs radically from this completeness assumption. It is first shown that any quasi-order on a countable set can be represented by vectors of real numbers. If such an order is supplemented by a concatenation operator, yielding a relational structure that satisfies a set of axioms similar to the standard axioms for an extensive structure, we obtain a scale possessing the crucial properties of a ratio scale. Incomparability is thus compatible with extensive measurement. The paper ends with a brief discussion on some possible applications and developments of this result. 相似文献
194.
A central circuit of the mind 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The methodologies of cognitive architectures and functional magnetic resonance imaging can mutually inform each other. For example, four modules of the ACT-R (adaptive control of thought - rational) cognitive architecture have been associated with four brain regions that are active in complex tasks. Activity in a lateral inferior prefrontal region reflects retrieval of information in a declarative module; activity in a posterior parietal region reflects changes to problem representations in an imaginal module; activity in the anterior cingulate cortex reflects the updates of control information in a goal module; and activity in the caudate nucleus reflects execution of productions in a procedural module. Differential patterns of activation in such central regions can reveal the time course of different components of complex cognition. 相似文献
195.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a premarital educational program, with the secondary goal of determining
if the structure (conjoint versus group) and the participants’ gender influenced program effectiveness. Data were collected
from 29 heterosexual couples. Couples were placed in one of three conditions: (1) premarital education in a group format,
(2) premarital education as an individual couple, or (3) the comparison group (no premarital education). The goal of the 8-week
intervention was to improve couples’ readiness and preparation for marriage as measured by the PREP-M. The findings suggested
that the educational program achieved its stated goal.
*The authors would like to acknowledge Aaron Mathney, Dr. Joe Turner, Dr. Kathy Rettig, Sarah DeJean, and Dena Wyum for their
assistance with this project. 相似文献
196.
197.
This study was designed to determine how ethnicity, the amount of perceived accent or dialect, and comprehensibility affect a speaker's employability. Sixty human resource specialists judged 3 female potential applicants. The applicants represented speakers of Spanish‐influenced English, Asian‐influenced English, and African American Vernacular English. When the speaker's perceived accent or dialect was minimal, perceived ethnicity did not affect employability. However, all speakers with maximally perceived accents or dialects were given a lower employability rating. Thus, speakers with a maximally perceived accent or dialect should consider accent or dialectal modification if their comprehensibility or prospective employability is compromised. 相似文献
198.
Recent research has shown that four small dots presented in the vicinity of, but not adjacent to, a target stimulus can banish that stimulus from conscious awareness. It is thought that the mental representation of the masked stimulus is "erased" by the trailing quartet of dots. Using functional magnetic resonance adaptation, we show that there is no persisting neural representation of the successfully masked stimulus in lateral occipital cortex, a region that has been implicated in the processing of object structure. This finding rules out the alternative interpretation that a lingering neural representation is merely rendered inaccessible to consciousness, as is the fate, for example, of monocular information under conditions of binocular rivalry. 相似文献
199.
Negative mood regulation (NMR) expectancies, or the beliefs held by individuals that, when faced with various manifestations of stress and negative affect, they can successfully cope with such mood states, have proven to be a most useful construct in the context of better understanding self-regulatory processes. In the present prospective study, we examined the predictive utility of NMR expectancies with respect to its ability to predict residual change in both depressive and anxiety symptoms over an 8-week timeframe in a sample of 322 college students. Initial correlational analyses revealed that, as anticipated, NMR expectancies were negatively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptomatology, as well as with maladaptive coping style. Conversely, NMR expectancies were positively associated with self-reported adaptive coping. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, even when controlling for age, sex, baseline levels of affective distress (depression or anxiety), and coping styles, NMR expectancies predicted change in both depressive and anxiety symptomatology. Implications of the findings pertinent to theory building and testing are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted
focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted
in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes
toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a
research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for
positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out
over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier
status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at
this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature
ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that
carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related
to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions.
The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors
should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when
literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors
should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information
would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services
that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant. 相似文献