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181.
Findings from studies of visual memory and change detection have revealed a surprising inability to detect large changes to scenes from one view to the next ('change blindness'). When some form of disruption is introduced between an original and modified display, observers often fail to notice the change. This disruption can take many forms (e.g. an eye movement, a flashed blank screen, a blink, a cut in a motion picture, etc) with similar results. In all cases, the changes are sufficiently large that, were they to occur instantaneously, they would consistently be detected. Prior research on change blindness was predicated on the assumption that, in the absence of a visual disruption, the signal caused by the change would draw attention, leading to detection. In two experiments, we demonstrate that change blindness can occur even in the absence of a visual disruption. In one experiment, subjects actually detected more changes with a disruption than without one. When changes are sufficiently gradual, the visible change signal does not seem to draw attention, and large changes can go undetected. The findings are discussed in the context of metacognitive beliefs about change detection and the strategic decisions those beliefs entail. 相似文献
182.
We examined how people use social and verbal cues of differing priorities in making social decisions. In Experiment 1, formally identical life – death choice problems were presented in different hypothetical group contexts and were phrased in either a positive or negative frame. The risk‐seeking choice became more dominant as the number of kin in an endangered group increased. Framing effects occurred only in a heterogeneous group context where the lives at risk were a mixture of kin and strangers. No framing effect was found when the same problem was presented in the context of a homogeneous group consisting of either all kin or all strangers. We viewed the framing effects to be a sign of indecisive risk preference due to the differential effects of a kinship cue and a stranger cue on choice. In Experiment 2, we presented the life – death problem in two artificial group contexts involving either 6 billion human lives or 6 billion extraterrestrial lives. A framing effect was found only in the human context. Two pre‐conditions of framing effects appear to be social unfamiliarity of a decision problem and aspiration level of a decision maker. In Experiment 3, we analyzed the direction of the framing effect by balancing the framing. The direction of the framing effect depended on the baseline level of risk preference determined by a specific decision context. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
183.
Peter Simons 《Topoi》2000,19(2):147-155
This paper brings together two theories that I have propounded separately elsewhere. The first is the view that concrete individuals
are constituted completely by tropes, that they are trope bundles. The second and more recently developed theory is that of
the two major categories of concrete individuals, continuants and occurrents, the latter are ontologically more basic than
the former and that continuants are to be viewed as invariants among occurrents under equivalence relations. The latter theory
embodies on its own an account of the nature of identity through time of things that are in time but not extended in time.
The question is whether this view is compatible with the trope bundle account of concrete particulars, and, assuming it is
(both theories being separately attractive) whether bringing them together entails any modifications (other than complexity)
to either theory. After examining likely metaphysical difficulties the tentative conclusion is that the attractiveness of
the trope bundle theory persists despite the marriage, but that the mental picture of what tropes and trope bundles are must be overhauled.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
184.
Maarten Simons Barbara Haverhals Gert Biesta 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(5):395-404
Although universities are asked to play a role in the European knowledge society, the precise scope and meaning of this role
is still under discussion. A major issue in this debate is the trend to adapt universities to economic needs and demands of
society. In view of taking a critical stance against a one-sided economic interpretation of activities and functions of universities,
their so-called “public” role is increasingly stressed in the debate as a crucial responsibility of universities that should
not be marginalized and therefore deserves our attention. In this paper, which is the introduction to a special issue on the
public role of the university, we want to stress the importance of addressing the question of “the role of universities in
the Europe of knowledge” in an open way and thus, without prejudices against or in favour of possible answers. It is our contention
that a critical view of what is happening in universities today cannot simply rely on authoritative ideas or principles that
are vaguely reminiscent of our university traditions. Consequently, this introductory paper pleas for a firmer argumentative
and a richer empirical basis that takes account of the fact that our background (horizon) has thoroughly changed in comparison
to traditions that still implicitly inform our judgement of what universities can do, should do or should not do. Finally,
we will discuss the way in which the articles collected in this issue are intended stimulating and supporting the debate on
the public role of the university in Europe.
相似文献
Barbara HaverhalsEmail: |
185.
Natsuaki MN Ge X Brody GH Simons RL Gibbons FX Cutrona CE 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(1-2):163-176
The prospective effects of observed neighborhood disorder, stressful life events, and parents’ engagement in inductive reasoning
on adolescents’ depressive symptoms were examined using data collected from 777 African American families. Multilevel analyses
revealed that stressful life events experienced at age 11 predicted depressive symptoms at age 13. Furthermore, a significant
interaction between neighborhood disorder and parents’ engagement in inductive reasoning was found, indicating that parental
use of inductive reasoning was a protective factor for depressive symptoms particularly for youths living in highly disordered
neighborhoods. The importance of examining correlates of depressive symptoms from a contextual framework, focusing on individuals,
families, and neighborhood contexts, is emphasized. 相似文献
186.
Most studies of inattentional blindness—the failure to notice an unexpected object when attention is focused elsewhere—have
focused on one critical trial. For that trial, noticing the unexpected object might be a result of random variability, so
that any given individual would be equally likely to notice the unexpected object. On the other hand, individual differences
in the ability to perform the primary task might make noticing more likely for some individuals than for others. Increasing
the difficulty of the primary task has been shown to decrease noticing rates for both brief static displays (Cartwright-Finch
& Lavie, 2007) and dynamic monitoring tasks (Simons & Chabris, 1999). However, those studies did not explore whether individual
differences in noticing arise from differences in the ability to perform the primary task. For our Experiment 1, we used a
staircase procedure to equate primary task performance across individuals in a dynamic inattentional blindness task and found
that the demands of the primary task affected noticing rates when individual differences in accuracy were minimized. In Experiment
2, we found that individual differences in primary task performance did not predict noticing of an unexpected object. Together,
these findings suggest that although the demands of the primary task do affect inattentional blindness rates, individual differences
in the ability to meet those demands do not. 相似文献
187.
Two studies examined the associations between evaluations (good-bad) and expected likelihood (likely-unlikely) of alcohol- and marijuana-related problems and hazardous consumption and problems among college students. Participants provided data on alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and expectancies and evaluations of alcohol problems; marijuana use indices, marijuana-related problems, marijuana effect expectancies, and likelihood and evaluations of marijuana problems. Evaluations of alcohol problems were positively related to the number of binge drinking occasions and alcohol-related problems. The interaction between evaluations and expectancies was significant in predicting the number of binge drinking occasions. Expectancies demonstrated a curvilinear relationship with binge drinking and alcohol-related problems. Marijuana users evaluated marijuana-related problems as less negative and less likely to occur than did nonusers. Expectancies, but not evaluations, of negative consequences were significantly associated with marijuana use intensity. Expectancies of problems demonstrated a curvilinear relationship with marijuana-use intensity and marijuana problems. Men evaluated alcohol and marijuana problems less negatively than did women. In summary, the expected likelihood of alcohol-marijuana problems and the evaluation of such problems represent a vulnerability factor associated with increased liability for hazardous alcohol and marijuana use. 相似文献
188.
Analysis of alcohol use data and other low base rate risk behaviors using ordinary least squares regression models can be problematic. This article presents 2 alternative statistical approaches, generalized linear models and bootstrapping, that may be more appropriate for such data. First, the basic theory behind the approaches is presented. Then, using a data set of alcohol use behaviors and consequences, results based on these approaches are contrasted with the results from ordinary least squares regression. The less traditional approaches consistently demonstrated better fit with model assumptions, as demonstrated by graphical analysis of residuals, and identified more significant variables potentially resulting in theoretically different interpretations of the models of alcohol use. In conclusion, these models show significant promise for furthering the understanding of alcohol-related behaviors. 相似文献
189.
Xiaojia Ge Gene H Brody Rand D Conger Ronald L Simons Velma McBride Murry 《Developmental psychology》2002,38(1):42-54
The effects of the pubertal transition on behavior problems and its interaction with family and neighborhood circumstances were examined with a sample of 867 African American children 10-12 years of age. Pubertal development status, pubertal timing, and primary caregivers' parenting behaviors were significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers and externalizing behaviors. Externalizing behavior among early-maturing children was associated positively with primary caregivers' use of harsh-inconsistent discipline and negatively with nurturant-involved parenting practices. Disadvantaged neighborhood conditions were significantly associated with deviant peer affiliation. The effect of pubertal transition varied according to family and neighborhood conditions: Early-maturing children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods were significantly more likely to affiliate with deviant peers. Early-maturing children with harsh and inconsistent parents were significantly more likely to have externalizing problems. 相似文献
190.