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71.
Johnston Erin F. Eagle David E. Corneli Amy Perry Brian Proeschold-Bell Rae Jean 《Journal of religion and health》2022,61(2):1207-1225
Journal of Religion and Health - As an occupational group, clergy exhibit numerous physical health problems. Given the physical health problems faced by clergy, understanding where physical health... 相似文献
72.
The hollow-face illusion, in which a mask appears as a convex face, is a powerful example of binocular depth inversion occurring with a real object under a wide range of viewing conditions. Explanations of the illusion are reviewed and six experiments reported. In experiment 1 the detrimental effect of figural inversion, evidence for the importance of familiarity, was found for other oriented objects. The inversion effect held for masks lit from the side (experiment 2). The illusion was stronger for a mask rotated by 90 degrees lit from its forehead than from its chin, suggesting that familiar patterns of shading enhance the illusion (experiment 2). There were no effects of light source visibility or any left/right asymmetry (experiment 3). In experiments 4-6 we used a 'virtual' hollow face, with illusion strength quantified by the proportion of noise texture needed to eliminate the illusion. Adding characteristic surface colour enhanced the illusion, consistent with the familiar face pigmentation outweighing additional bottom-up cues (experiment 4). There was no difference between perspective and orthographic projection. Photographic negation reduced, but did not eliminate, the illusion, suggesting shading is important but not essential (experiment 5). Absolute depth was not critical, although a shallower mask was given less extreme convexity ratings (experiment 6). We argue that the illusion arises owing to a convexity preference when the raw data have ambiguous interpretations. However, using a familiar object with typical orientation, shading, and pigmentation greatly enhances the effect. 相似文献
73.
Henryk T. Krajewski Richard D. Goffin Mitchell G. Rothstein Norman G. Johnston 《Journal of business and psychology》2007,22(1):21-33
Despite compelling arguments that performance in the assessment center (AC) should be related to personality, past research
has failed to demonstrate a consistent link between personality and AC performance. This study investigated whether managerial
candidates’ age could be moderating, and thus obscuring, specific personality–AC performance relations. A large sample of
managers (N = 371) participated in an AC and also completed the leadership relevant personality scales of achievement, dominance, and
exhibition from the Personality Research Form-E (PRF-E; Jackson, D. N. (1984). Manual for the personality research form. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press). Consistent with hypotheses, age moderated the relations of dominance and
exhibition with AC performance (p < .05), such that dominance and exhibition were more strongly related to AC performance for older as opposed to younger managers.
Results were discussed in terms of their implications for the criterion-related and construct validity of ACs.
相似文献
Henryk T. KrajewskiEmail: |
74.
The impact of age of acquisition (AoA) on object recognition was explored in three experiments measuring visual duration threshold (VDT) for the identification of pictures labelled with early and late acquired names. Participants viewed briefly displayed images preceded and followed by a pattern mask. The minimum display duration required for correct identification was shorter for pictures labelled with early names than for those labelled with late names. In Experiments 2 and 3 we explored the effects of two forms of visual degradation on VDT for pictures with early and late acquired names. Both degradation by superimposed visual elements, and degradation by contrast reduction extended VDT, but only the former interacted with AoA. We conclude that both AoA and degradation by superimposed visual elements affect the efficiency of visual object recognition, but only degradation by contrast and not AoA affects the efficiency of earlier pre-recognition processes. 相似文献
75.
Mandy Chen Charlotte Johnston Lisa Sheeber Craig Leve 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):119-130
This study examined whether negative parental attributions for adolescent behaviour mediate the association between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and whether this relationship is moderated by adolescent gender. Mothers and fathers and
124 adolescents (76 girls and 48 boys; ages 14 to 18) participated. Adolescents were primarily Caucasian, and varied in the
level of depressive symptoms (with 27% of the sample meeting diagnostic criteria for a current unipolar depressive disorder).
Parents and adolescents completed measures of depressive symptoms, and participated in a videotaped problem-solving discussion.
After the discussion, each parent watched the videotape and, at 20 s intervals, offered attributions for their adolescent’s
behaviour. Adolescent gender moderated the relation between parental attributions and adolescent depressive symptoms, with
stronger associations for female adolescents. For both mothers and fathers, both parental depressive symptoms and negative
attributions about the adolescent’s behaviour made unique contributions to the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescent
females. There also was evidence that negative attributions partially mediated the link between depressive symptoms in mothers
and adolescent daughters. The results are interpreted as consistent with parenting as a partial mediator between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and suggest that adolescent girls may be particularly sensitive to parents’ negative interpretations
of their behaviour. 相似文献
76.
Colin Johnston 《Synthese》2007,156(2):231-251
It is not immediately clear from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus how to connect his idea there of an object with the logical ontologies
of Frege and Russell. Toward clarification on this matter, this paper compares Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s versions of the
thesis of an atomic fact that it is a complex composition. The claim arrived at is that whilst Russell (at times at least)
has one particular of the elements of a fact – the relation – responsible for the unity of the whole, for Wittgenstein the
unity of a fact is the product of copulative powers inherent in all its elements. All kinds of constituents of Tractarian
facts – all kinds (forms) of object – are, to use Fregean terminology, unsaturated. 相似文献
77.
78.
Lesley C. Scanlan Robert A. Johnston 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1997,50(1):183-198
Contemporary models of face recognition explain everyday difficulties in name retrieval by proposing that name information can only be accessed after semantic information (e.g. Bruce & Young, 1986) or by proposing an architecture which puts name retrieval at a disadvantage (e.g. Burton& Bruce,1992). Experiments reportedhere examined the time requiredto access name and semantic details by adult and child subjects. In Experiment 1 adult subjects took more time to match familiar faces to names than to other semantic details (e.g. occupation), a finding consistent with all the previous literature on name retrieval. Experiment 2, however, showed that the youngest subjects were significantly faster in matching familiar faces to names than to semantic details. Experiment 3 also showed that children were faster at accessing names than occupations when giving vocal responses to presentations of familiar faces. These findings are not predicted by rigidly sequential models of face recognition and are discussed with specific reference to the ontogenesis of models based on a more flexible connectionist architecture. 相似文献
79.
John S. Watson Richard Umansky Stephanie Marcy Caroline Johnston Betty Repacholi 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1996,17(4):160
Major behavioral features of Rett syndrome are the loss of instrumental reaching and grasping and the presentation of some variant of hand-hand or hand-mouth stereotypy. As part of an experimental home intervention program, a 3-year-old girl with Rett syndrome was exposed to four types of contingency games designed to elicit instrumental reaching, kicking, vocalization, and eye movement, respectively. Parent and subject performance were videorecorded on seven occasions over the initial 2-month period. Evaluation of these records provided evidence of contingency learning in all but the vocalization games. Stereotypic hand clasping was examined in relation to the performance of instrumental behavior (reaching, kicking, looking). Coincidental (short-term mutual inhibition arising by chance co-occurrence), associative (short-term mutual inhibition arising by having elicitor in common), and foundational (long-term mutual inhibition arising by having neural network in common) forms of specific behavioral competition were defined and examined. Evidence for coincidental and foundational competition was found in the relation between reaching and hand clasping. Implications for the support of functional hand use are discussed. 相似文献
80.
Charlotte Johnston 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1996,24(1):85-104
This study examined parent-child interactions and parent characteristics in families of nonproblem children and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children with lower (ADHD-LOD) and higher (ADHD-HOD) levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Families of ADHD children were recruited from a parent training program. Observed and parent-reported child behavior problems were highest in the ADHD-HOD group. Observed parent behavior revealed few differences, but daily reports indicated that parents in both ADHD groups used more negative-reactive and fewer positive parenting strategies than control parents. Maternal psychological functioning differed between the ADHD and nonproblem groups, but not between the two ADHD groups. Fathers of ADHD-HOD children reported more psychological disturbance than controls. Parenting self-esteem was lowest in the ADHD-HOD group and highest in the nonproblem group. The results support the LOD and HOD distinction, but also suggest that, although certain difficulties are more common in the families of ADHD-HOD children, families of ADHD-LOD children also differ from controls on a number of dimensions.This research was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the British Columbia Health Research Foundation. Appreciation is extended to Josie Geller, Kim Behrenz, Susan Greaves, and Sonia Pietzsch who assisted with data collection and coding, and to the families who generously gave their time to participate in the research. Thanks also to two anonymous reviewers for their comments. 相似文献