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181.
Recognising faces: effects of lighting direction, inversion, and brightness reversal. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When information about three-dimensional shape obtained from shading and shadows is ambiguous, the visual system favours an interpretation of surface geometry which is consistent with illumination from above. If pictures of top-lit faces are rotated the resulting stimulus is both figurally inverted and illuminated from below. In this study the question of whether the effects of figural inversion and lighting orientation on face recognition are independent or interactive is addressed. Although there was a clear inversion effect for faces illuminated from the front and above, the inversion effect was found to be reduced or eliminated for faces illuminated from below. A strong inversion effect for photographic negatives was also found but in this case the effect was not dependent on the direction of illumination. These findings are interpreted as evidence to suggest that lighting faces from below disrupts the formation of surface-based representations of facial shape. 相似文献
182.
G Heth J Todrank R E Johnston 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1999,113(3):321-326
In this investigation, the authors used habituation techniques to explore similarities and differences in the qualities of individual odors from hamsters. In Experiment 1, male Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) treated flank-gland odors of 2 males from 1 litter as similar compared with the odor of a male from another litter, whether the odor donors were familiar or unfamiliar. At the same time, the Turkish hamsters discriminated between the subtle differences in the individual odors of their familiar brothers. In Experiment 2, male Turkish and golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) treated the flank-gland odors of 2 unfamiliar, unrelated conspecifics as similar compared with the flank odor of a heterospecific individual. The results suggest that similarities in individual odors are related to genetic similarity of the odor donors. These similarities could provide a basis for different types of social recognition, including kin and species recognition. 相似文献
183.
Marie Johnston 《Current Psychology》1999,18(1):71-87
The main research questions concerning mood and chronic disease are about the extent, sources, and consequences of emotional
distress. Answers to these questions are informative both to psychological theory and to the design of interventions aimed
at improving outcomes for patients. However, as a result of practical and ethical limitations in research designs, the answers
obtained are rarely definitive and typically need to be interpreted carefully. This article illustrates some of the problems
using studies of patients with cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other disabling conditions. The first group of studies
illustrates problems in the timing of mood measurement including both timing within an interview, and issues concerned with
identifying equivalent timing in the stages of disease and its treatment. The remaining studies are used to illustrate the
limits of non-experimental longitudinal, and of experimental designs. It is concluded that research in this area requires
the use of more than one research paradigm to achieve dependable answers. 相似文献
184.
In this paper, we attempt to view a long-held assumption in nursing as mistaken. That is, that patient suffering is something to be overcome. Utilizing Nietzsche's statements on Amor Fati, we carefully examine the cultural assumptions behind our denigration of suffering, look at specific nursing examples of this situation, and attempt the beginnings of a discourse on what it would take for nurses to overcome their own predetermined views of suffering in order to better help their patients "own" their own suffering. 相似文献
185.
Johnston JM 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》1991,14(2):187-196
The paper argues that behavior analysis may have contributed to the aversives controversy in a number of ways. The role that the field has played and the lessons that may be learned are discussed in the areas of research, training, and politics. 相似文献
186.
Understanding covert recognition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An implementation of Bruce and Young's (1986) functional model of face recognition is used to examine patterns of covert face recognition previously reported in a prosopagnosic patient, PH. Although PH is unable to recognize overly the faces of people known to him, he shows normal patterns of face processing when tested indirectly. A simple manipulation of one set of connections in the implemented model induces behaviour consistent with patterns of results from PH obtained in semantic priming and interference tasks. We compare this account with previous explanations of covert recognition and demonstrate that the implemented model provides the most natural and parsimonious account available. Two further patients are discussed who show deficits in person perception. The first (MS) is prosopagnosic but shows no covert recognition. The second (ME) is not prosopagnosic, but cannot access semantic information relating to familiar people. The model provides an account of recognition impairments which is sufficiently general also to be useful in describing these patients. 相似文献
187.
Miles Hewstone Alexander Hantzi Lucy Johnston 《European journal of social psychology》1991,21(6):517-528
Two studies investigated the pervasiveness of race as a social categorization and whether the organization of information around racial categories is sensitive to contextual factors. Both studies measured accentuation effects (more intra- than inter-race errors) and own-group bias (fewer confusions between own- than other-group members) in person memory, using the paradigm developed by Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff and Ruderman (1978). Experiment 1 studies the generalization of these effects across ethnic group membership (black/white) and topic (categorization-relevant/irrelevant) in a 2 × 2 [× 4] between-subject design, with type of error as a repeated measure. There was a highly significant accentuation effect, which was not affected by either topic or group membership. Experiment 2, using white subjects only, manipulated anticipated future interaction/no interaction, which affected overall accuracy/error rate, but not the strong accentuation effect. Neither study found any support for an own-group bias. Results are discussed in terms of the automaticity of race as a basis for social categorization. 相似文献
188.
Contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition judgments. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W A Johnston K J Hawley J M Elliott 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1991,17(2):210-223
Following a shallow (count vowels) or deep (read) study task, old and new words were tested for both fluency of perception and recognition memory. Subjects first identified a test word as it came gradually into view and then judged it as old or new. Old words were identified faster than new words, indicating implicit, perceptual memory for old words. Independently of this effect, words judged old were identified faster than words judged new, especially after shallow study. Eight experiments examined the possible causal relationship between perceptual fluency and recognition judgements. Experiments 1 to 4 showed that fast identifications per se do not promote old judgments. Accelerating the identification of test items by semantically priming them or making them come more quickly into view did not affect recognition judgments. Experiment 5 showed that the usual association of fast identifications with old judgments is not an artifact of item selection because the association disappeared when the identifications and judgements were segregated into different phases of the test task. Experiments 6 and 7 showed tha the likelihood of old judgments increases directly with the pretested perceptibility of test words, but only after shallow study. Experiment 8 showed that the dependency of recognition judgments on perceptual fluency continues to hold when the requirement to identify the words before judging them is eliminated. We conclude that fluency of perception contributes to recognition judgments, but only when the fluency is produced naturally (e.g., through perceptual memory) and explicit memory is minimal. 相似文献
189.
An experiment is reported confirming the existence of the “word-letter phenomenon” (WLP): At tachistoscopic exposure durations, each letter of a four-letter word is perceived more accurately than a single letter. Data obtained rule out several artifactual interpretations, including the possibility that perception of letters in a word is facilitated merely by the presence of adjacent contours. The WLP is shown to depend critically on what type of display is used as a preand postexposure field. While a masking field of high-contrast random contours produced a large and reliable WLP, a plain white field eliminated the phenomenon entirely. This pattern of results suggests several ways in which perception at the word level may differ from perception at the letter level. 相似文献
190.