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When individuals detect an inconsistency in a set of propositions, they tend to change their minds about at least one proposition
to resolve the inconsistency. The orthodox view from William James (1907) onward has been that a rational change should be
minimal. We propose an alternative hypothesis according to which individuals seek to resolve inconsistencies by explaining their
origins. We report four experiments corroborating the explanatory hypothesis. Experiment 1 showed that participants’ explanations
revised general conditional claims rather than specific categorical propositions. Experiment 2 showed that, when explanations
did revise the categorical proposition, participants also tended to deny the consequences of a second generalization. Experiment
3 showed that this tendency persists when participants previously affirmed these consequences explicitly. Experiment 4 showed
that, when participants could easily explain an inconsistency by revising a generalization, they were more likely to accept
the consequences of a second generalization. All four results contravene minimalism but support the explanatory hypothesis. 相似文献
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The mental model theory postulates that reasoners build models of the situations described in premises, and that these models normally make explicit only what is true. The theory has an unexpected consequence: it predicts the occurrence of inferences that are compelling but invalid. They should arise from reasoners failing to take into account what is false. Three experiments corroborated the systematic occurrence of these illusory inferences, and eliminated a number of alternative explanations for them. Their results illuminate the controversy among various current theories of reasoning. 相似文献
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Reasoning about relations 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Inferences about spatial, temporal, and other relations are ubiquitous. This article presents a novel model-based theory of such reasoning. The theory depends on 5 principles. (a) The structure of mental models is iconic as far as possible. (b) The logical consequences of relations emerge from models constructed from the meanings of the relations and from knowledge. (c) Individuals tend to construct only a single, typical model. (d) They spontaneously develop their own strategies for relational reasoning. (e) Regardless of strategy, the difficulty of an inference depends on the process of integration of the information from separate premises, the number of entities that have to be integrated to form a model, and the depth of the relation. The article describes computer implementations of the theory and presents experimental results corroborating its main principle. 相似文献