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951.
Effects of laboratory-induced controllable and uncontrollable stress on Rorschach variables m and Y.
The research literature regarding stress and the Rorschach has frequently produced contradictory results. A possible explanation for the lack of consensus may be that past research has failed to consider the nature of the stressor. A potentially important dimension is whether the stressor is perceived as controllable or uncontrollable, particularly because these two types of stressors invoke distinctive sets of biobehavioral reactions. We examined the effects of experimentally induced uncontrollable and controllable stress on m and Y Rorschach responses. Uncontrollable laboratory stress was associated with an increase in both m and Y variants, whereas controllable laboratory stress was associated with an increase only in m. Potential implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
952.
It has been hypothesized that the magnitude-of-reinforcement effect may differ in closed and open experimental economies. We determined the relationship between magnitude of reinforcement and response rate in three feeding conditions: a closed economy in which total intake was unrestricted, a closed economy in which total intake was restricted so as to maintain body weight at 85% of free-feeding weight, and a traditional open economy in which subjects received food outside the experimental session. In the closed economies, regardless of body weight, the rats responded faster for smaller pellets and when the fixed ratio for pellets was higher. In the open economy, there was no reliable effect of pellet size or pellet cost on response rate. It is concluded that although there are circumstances in which response rate is an immediate function of the parameters of reinforcement, rate is not necessarily a measure of response strength. Response rate may instead, or additionally, contribute to a strategy of reducing the costs associated with resource utilization. 相似文献
953.
954.
Mark H. Johnson 《Current directions in psychological science》1992,1(2):52-55
955.
William W. Finley Avie James Rainwater Gerald Johnson 《Behaviour research and therapy》1982,20(1):69-80
Acquisition and relapse rates for 178 enuretic children were examined as a function of varying intermittent alarm schedules ranging from the standard (100%) bell-and-pad conditioning alarm treatment to a variable-ratio (VR) alarm schedule of 30–59%. Median follow-up time was 25 months. Children who experienced multiple wetting (MW) events beyond the third treatment week experienced twice as many wettings to reach dryness criterion as non-multiple wetting (NMW) children. Approximately one-third of the sample proved to be MW children. Optimal relapse results for NMW children were achieved with the 70–79% VR alarm schedule (10% relapse rate). MW children treated with the standard experienced a 100% relapse rate. For MW children the lowest relapse rates were attained with a 60–69% VR schedule (42% relapse). Older children experienced higher relapse rates than younger children, but age differences were eliminated with a 70–79%, VR alarm schedule. Collectively, the results demonstrate optimal VR intermittent alarm schedules for differen: categories of enuretic children. 相似文献
956.
A role-reversal technique was employed to teach cognitive coping skills to a patient with a writing phobia. The patient presented desensitization scenes to the therapist and devised coping strategies for lessening anxiety. Treatment resulted in a reduction of anxiety and an increased ability to write in the presence of other people. A 10-mo. follow-up showed no relapse. 相似文献
957.
Male albino Holtzman rats were stereotaxically implanted with two bipolar stimulating electrodes, aimed at the periaqueductal gray matter of the brainstem. Focal brain stimulation-produced analgesia was assessed by the tail-flick method. After establishing that focal brain stimulation elicited analgesia at both sites, behavioral tolerance (i.e., reduced analgesia) was induced at one site through repeated stimulation. Upon elicitation of tolerance at one site, stimulation was immediately switched to the other site (which had not been previously rendered tolerant) and analgesia was assessed. Tail-flick latencies revealed transfer of behavioral tolerance from the site given repeated stimulation to the site not given repeated stimulation. While the mechanism involved in this cross-tolerance is not known, a neurochemical substrate may be involved. 相似文献
958.
959.
960.
Andrew Christensen Susan Phillips Russell E. Glasgow Steven M. Johnson 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1983,11(1):153-166
Thirty-six families with a preteenage behavior problem child were assessed on measures of marital discord, parental psychopathology, and three parental cognitive factors: knowledge of behavioral principles, tolerance for child deviancy, and expectations regarding their child's behavior. Nine nonproblem families with demographic characteristics similar to the problem families were also assessed. Correlational analyses across all families revealed a strong association between marital discord and the parental index of child behavior problems. While a number of significant associations were discovered between the various measures of marital discord, parental psychopathology, and parental cognitive factors, no other measure besides marital discord was associated with parental perception of child behavior problems. The nonproblem families and 15 of the problem families also participated in home observations obtained through random audio recordings during high interaction periods. These observational data indicated a significant relationship between parental perception of child behavior problems and parental negative behavior toward the child, but no significant relationship between parental perception of child behavior problems and child behavior, even when child behavior was weighted by parents' reactions to that behavior. Through sequential analysis, several contingent relations between parent and child behavior were discovered. Findings are discussed in relation to family systems theory. 相似文献