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831.
832.
Hirvikoski T Waaler E Alfredsson J Pihlgren C Holmström A Johnson A Rück J Wiwe C Bothén P Nordström AL 《Behaviour research and therapy》2011,(3):175-185
Objective
Feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) -based method developed in Germany were evaluated in a Swedish outpatient psychiatric context.Method
Fifty-one adults with ADHD on stable medical treatment or on no medication were randomized to the DBT-based skills training (n = 26) or a parallel loosely structured discussion group (n = 25). Self-rating scales were administered before randomization and after the treatment.Results
Feasibility and participant satisfaction were good in both groups while skills training was perceived as more logical and effective for ADHD-related problems. The analyses of the individuals who completed the treatment and remained stable with regard to medication (n = 19 in skills training; n = 18 in control group) showed a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms in the skills training group, but not in the control group. No reduction of comorbidity was observed in any of the groups.Conclusions
The treatment was feasible in an outpatient psychiatric context, well tolerated, and significantly reduced ADHD symptoms in on-treatment individuals who remained stable regarding medication status. 相似文献833.
Li JC Chan W Cui Y 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2011,64(3):367-387
The standard Pearson correlation coefficient, r, is a biased estimator of the population correlation coefficient, ρ(XY) , when predictor X and criterion Y are indirectly range-restricted by a third variable Z (or S). Two correction algorithms, Thorndike's (1949) Case III, and Schmidt, Oh, and Le's (2006) Case IV, have been proposed to correct for the bias. However, to our knowledge, the two algorithms did not provide a procedure to estimate the associated standard error and confidence intervals. This paper suggests using the bootstrap procedure as an alternative. Two Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to systematically evaluate the empirical performance of the proposed bootstrap procedure. The results indicated that the bootstrap standard error and confidence intervals were generally accurate across simulation conditions (e.g., selection ratio, sample size). The proposed bootstrap procedure can provide a useful alternative for the estimation of the standard error and confidence intervals for the correlation corrected for indirect range restriction. 相似文献
834.
Statistical learning – implicit learning of statistical regularities within sensory input – is a way of acquiring structure within continuous sensory environments. Statistics computation, initially shown to be involved in word segmentation, has been demonstrated to be a general mechanism that operates across domains, across time and space, and across species. Recently, statistical leaning has been reported to be present even at birth when newborns were tested with a speech stream. The aim of the present study was to extend this finding, by investigating whether newborns’ ability to extract statistics operates in multiple modalities, as found for older infants and adults. Using the habituation procedure, two experiments were carried out in which visual sequences were presented. Results demonstrate that statistical learning is a general mechanism that extracts statistics across domain since the onset of sensory experience. Intriguingly, present data reveal that newborn learner’s limited cognitive resources constrain the functioning of statistical learning, narrowing the range of what can be learned. 相似文献
835.
Sexton T Gordon KC Gurman A Lebow J Holtzworth-Munroe A Johnson S 《Family process》2011,50(3):377-392
Guidelines for Evidence-Based Treatments in Family Therapy are intended to help guide clinicians, researchers, and policy makers in identifying specific clinical interventions and treatment programs for couples and families that have scientifically based evidence to support their efficacy. In contrast to criteria, which simply identify treatments that "work" and have been employed in the evaluation of other psychotherapies, these guidelines propose a three-tiered levels-of-evidence-based model that moves from "evidence-informed," to "evidence-based," to "evidence-based and ready for dissemination and transportation within diverse community settings." Each level reflects an interaction between the specificity of the intervention, the strength and readth of the outcomes, and the quality of the studies that form the evidence. These guidelines uniquely promote a clinically based "matrix" approach in which the empirical support is evaluated according to various dimensions including strength of the outcomes, the applicability across cultural contexts, and demonstration of specific change mechanisms. The guidelines are offered not only as a basis for understanding the evidence for diverse clinical approaches in couple and family therapy within the systemic tradition of the field, but also as an alternative aspirational model for evaluating all psychotherapies. 相似文献
836.
von Helversen B Wilke A Johnson T Schmid G Klapp B 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(4):962-968
Previous research reported conflicting results concerning the influence of depression on cognitive task performance. Whereas some studies reported that depression enhances performance, other studies reported negative or null effects. These discrepant findings appear to result from task variation, as well as the severity and treatment status of participant depression. To better understand these moderating factors, we study the performance of individuals-in a complex sequential decision task similar to the secretary problem-who are nondepressed, depressed, and recovering from a major depressive episode. We find that depressed individuals perform better than do nondepressed individuals. Formal modeling of participants' decision strategies suggested that acutely depressed participants had higher thresholds for accepting options and made better choices than either healthy participants or those recovering from depression. 相似文献
837.
Several quantitative reviews have documented the negative relationships that role stressors have with task performance. Surprisingly, much less attention has been directed at the impact of role stressors on other aspects of job performance, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The goal of this study was to therefore estimate the overall relationships of role stressors (i.e., role ambiguity, conflict, and overload) with OCB. A meta-analysis of 42 existing studies indicated that role ambiguity and role conflict were negatively related to OCB and that these relationships were moderated by the target of OCB, type of organization, OCB rating source, and publication status. As expected, role conflict had a stronger negative relationship with OCB than it did with task performance. Finally, we found support for a path model in which job satisfaction mediated relationships of role stressors with OCB and for a positive direct relationship between role overload and OCB. 相似文献
838.
Daniel M. Johnson 《Synthese》2011,182(3):433-447
Jonathan Kvanvig has argued that what he terms “doxastic” theories of epistemic justification fail to account for certain
epistemic features having to do with evidence. I’m going to give an argument roughly along these lines, but I’m going to focus
specifically on proper function theories of justification or warrant. In particular, I’ll focus on Michael Bergmann’s recent
proper function account of justification, though the argument applies also to Alvin Plantinga’s proper function account of
warrant. The epistemic features I’m concerned about are experiences that should generate a believed defeater but don’t. I’ll
argue that proper functionalism as it stands cannot account for the epistemic effects of these defeating experiences—or, at
least, that it can only do so by embracing a deeply implausible view of our cognitive faculties. I’ll conclude by arguing
that the only plausible option Bergmann has for modifying his theory undercuts the consideration that motivates proper functionalism
in the first place. 相似文献
839.
People in a positive mood process information in ways that reinforce and maintain this positive mood. The current studies
examine how positive mood influences responses to social comparisons and demonstrates that people in a positive mood interpret
ambiguous information about comparison others in self-benefitting ways. Specifically, four experiments demonstrate that compared
to negative mood or neutral mood participants, participants in a positive mood engage in effortful re-interpretations of ambiguously
similar comparison targets so that they may assimilate to upward comparison targets and contrast from downward comparison
targets. 相似文献
840.
The nature of children’s early lexical processing was investigated by asking what information 36-month-olds access and use
when instructed to find a known but absent referent. Children readily retrieved stored knowledge about characteristic color,
i.e., when asked to find an object with a typical color (e.g., strawberry), children tended to fixate more upon an object
that had the same (e.g., red plane) as opposed to a different (e.g., yellow plane) color. They did so regardless of the fact
that they had plenty of time to recognize the pictures for what they are, i.e., planes and not strawberries. These data represent
the first demonstration that language-mediated shifts of overt attention in young children can be driven by individual stored
visual attributes of known words that mismatch on most other dimensions. The finding suggests that lexical processing and
overt attention are strongly linked from an early age. 相似文献