Several quantitative reviews have documented the negative relationships that role stressors have with task performance. Surprisingly, much less attention has been directed at the impact of role stressors on other aspects of job performance, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The goal of this study was to therefore estimate the overall relationships of role stressors (i.e., role ambiguity, conflict, and overload) with OCB. A meta-analysis of 42 existing studies indicated that role ambiguity and role conflict were negatively related to OCB and that these relationships were moderated by the target of OCB, type of organization, OCB rating source, and publication status. As expected, role conflict had a stronger negative relationship with OCB than it did with task performance. Finally, we found support for a path model in which job satisfaction mediated relationships of role stressors with OCB and for a positive direct relationship between role overload and OCB. 相似文献
Jonathan Kvanvig has argued that what he terms “doxastic” theories of epistemic justification fail to account for certain
epistemic features having to do with evidence. I’m going to give an argument roughly along these lines, but I’m going to focus
specifically on proper function theories of justification or warrant. In particular, I’ll focus on Michael Bergmann’s recent
proper function account of justification, though the argument applies also to Alvin Plantinga’s proper function account of
warrant. The epistemic features I’m concerned about are experiences that should generate a believed defeater but don’t. I’ll
argue that proper functionalism as it stands cannot account for the epistemic effects of these defeating experiences—or, at
least, that it can only do so by embracing a deeply implausible view of our cognitive faculties. I’ll conclude by arguing
that the only plausible option Bergmann has for modifying his theory undercuts the consideration that motivates proper functionalism
in the first place. 相似文献
People in a positive mood process information in ways that reinforce and maintain this positive mood. The current studies
examine how positive mood influences responses to social comparisons and demonstrates that people in a positive mood interpret
ambiguous information about comparison others in self-benefitting ways. Specifically, four experiments demonstrate that compared
to negative mood or neutral mood participants, participants in a positive mood engage in effortful re-interpretations of ambiguously
similar comparison targets so that they may assimilate to upward comparison targets and contrast from downward comparison
targets. 相似文献
The nature of children’s early lexical processing was investigated by asking what information 36-month-olds access and use
when instructed to find a known but absent referent. Children readily retrieved stored knowledge about characteristic color,
i.e., when asked to find an object with a typical color (e.g., strawberry), children tended to fixate more upon an object
that had the same (e.g., red plane) as opposed to a different (e.g., yellow plane) color. They did so regardless of the fact
that they had plenty of time to recognize the pictures for what they are, i.e., planes and not strawberries. These data represent
the first demonstration that language-mediated shifts of overt attention in young children can be driven by individual stored
visual attributes of known words that mismatch on most other dimensions. The finding suggests that lexical processing and
overt attention are strongly linked from an early age. 相似文献
The purpose of this investigation was to develop a multidimensional measure of continuance organizational commitment, specifying
dimensions for continuance commitment based on the perception of beneficial economic exchanges versus the perception of low
job alternatives. 相似文献
Models of attentional allocation in associative learning are typically structured according to one of two guiding principles: the predictiveness principle, which posits that attention is paid to cues that have reliably predicted an outcome in the past, or the uncertainty principle, which states that attention is paid to cues about which little is known. Both principles are well supported by studies of animals. However, in studies of human learning, there is very little direct empirical support for the uncertainty principle. In the study reported here, we addressed this gap by investigating negative transfer, a phenomenon that may provide unique support for the uncertainty principle. In two human learning experiments using an allergist task, we replicated the primary findings of previous research on animal learning. We believe that these data provide the first direct evidence for the uncertainty principle in human associative learning. 相似文献
Chronic tic disorders (CTDs) involve motor and/or vocal tics that often cause substantial distress and impairment. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedules of reinforcement produce robust, but incomplete, reductions in tic frequency in youth with CTDs; however, a more robust reduction may be needed to affect durable clinical change. Standard, fixed‐amount DRO schedules have not commonly yielded such reductions, so we evaluated a novel, progressive‐amount DRO schedule, based on its ability to facilitate sustained abstinence from functionally similar behaviors. Five youth with CTDs were exposed to periods of baseline, fixed‐amount DRO (DRO‐F), and progressive‐amount DRO (DRO‐P). Both DRO schedules produced decreases in tic rate and increases in intertic interval duration, but no systematic differences were seen between the two schedules on any dimension of tic occurrence. The DRO‐F schedule was generally preferred to the DRO‐P schedule. Possible procedural improvements and other future directions are discussed. 相似文献
The harm race-based medicine inflicts on minority bodies through race-based experimentation and the false solutions a race-based drug ensues within minority communities provokes concern. Such areas analyze the minority patient in a physical proxy. Though the mind and body are important entities, we cannot forget about the spirit. Healing is not just a physical practice; it includes spiritual practice. Efficient medicine includes the holistic elements of the mind, body, and spirit. Therefore, the spiritual discipline of black theology can be used as a tool to mend the harms of race-based medicine. It can be an avenue of research to further particular concerns for justice in medical care . Such theology contributes to the discussion of race-based medicine indicating the need for the voice, participation, and interdependence of minorities. Black theology can be used as a tool of healing and empowerment for health equity and awareness by exploring black theology’s response to race-based medicine, analyzing race in biblical literature, using biblical literature as a tool for minority patient empowerment, building on past and current black church health advocacy with personal leadership in health advocacy.
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents, and impulsivity has emerged as a promising marker of risk. The present study tested whether distinct domains of impulsivity are differentially associated with suicide ideation, plans, and attempts. Adolescents (n?=?381; boys?=?106, girls?=?275) aged 13–19 years (M?=?15.62, SD?=?1.41) were recruited from an acute, residential treatment program. Within 48 h of admission to the hospital, participants were administered structured clinical interviews assessing mental health disorders and suicidality. Following these interviews, participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing symptom severity and impulsivity. Consistent with past research, an exploratory factor analysis of our 90-item impulsivity instrument resulted in a three-factor solution: Pervasive Influence of Feelings, Feelings Trigger Action, and Lack of Follow-Through. Concurrent analysis of these factors confirmed hypotheses of unique associations with suicide ideation and attempts in the past month. Specifically, whereas Pervasive Influence of Feelings (i.e., tendency for emotions to shape thoughts about the self and the future) is uniquely associated with greater suicidal ideation, Feelings Trigger Action (i.e., impulsive behavioral reactivity to emotions) is uniquely associated with the occurrence of suicide attempts, even after controlling for current psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms. Exploratory gender analyses revealed that these effects were significant in female but not male adolescents. These findings provide new insight about how specific domains of impulsivity differentially increase risk for suicide ideation and attempts. Implications for early identification and prevention of youth suicide are discussed. 相似文献