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51.
Lisa Johnsen David MacKirnan Bonnie Spring Regina Pingitore Beth Kaplan Sommerfeld 《Health psychology》2002,21(3):279-287
Cultural stereotypes might help explain why smoking is less prevalent among Hispanic than non-Hispanic White women, whereas obesity is more prevalent. Hispanic (n = 130) and non-Hispanic White (n = 114) women rated their thoughts and feelings regarding a female smoker and an overweight woman. Ethnicity did not influence evaluations, but attitudes toward smokers were more positive among more acculturated Hispanic women, F(1, 66) = 9.9, p < .01. Less acculturated women evaluated an overweight woman more positively than a smoker, F(1, 28) = 5.65, p < .05; more acculturated women did the opposite, F( 1, 36) = 5.92, p < .05. Smokers evaluated smokers more positively than overweight women, F(1, 86) = 40.8, p < .01; nonsmokers did the opposite, F(l, 138) = 7.7, p < .01. Personal body weight did not influence evaluations. Acculturation and smoking status appear to have a greater influence than ethnicity or weight status on women's attitudes toward smoking and weight. 相似文献
52.
The aim of the present study was to test whether the shared mental models of team members have an effect on team performance, communication, and physical arousal in two distributed teams in pursuit of a common goal. A sample (N = 15) of newly formed navy teams was compared with a sample (N = 13) of seasoned navy teams. The results showed that familiar teams displayed higher performance levels, faster reaction times, more accuracy, and greater mission success compared to unfamiliar teams. A significant shift in communication strategy and physiological response (heart rate) was observed between the teams and from baseline to low workload. Implications for team training are discussed. 相似文献
53.
Michael D. Matthews Jarle Eid Bjorn Helge Johnsen Ole Christian Boe 《Military psychology》2013,25(2):125-136
The current study compared expert-observer ratings of situation awareness (SA) with subjective self-ratings of SA in Norwegian military academy cadets during a summer combat survival course. The cadets (N?=?30) completed an 8-day combat survival course characterized by sleep and food deprivation, continuous operations, and altered circadian entrainment cues. Results indicated that self-ratings of SA did not correlate consistently with expert-observer SA ratings, and self-ratings were consistently higher than expert-observer ratings. The results are congruent with expected effects of these extreme conditions on cognition and self-awareness, demonstrate a pronounced self-enhancement bias and suggest that subjective measures of SA are not likely to provide valid estimates of SA under extreme conditions. 相似文献
54.
Anita Lill Hansen Bjorn Helge Johnsen Julian F. Thayer 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(1):77-89
Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between resting heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive functions during threat of shock. A Continuous Performance Task and a Working Memory Task were used to measure cognitive functions. Sixty-five male participants from the Royal Norwegian Navy participated. HRV was measured during baseline, test conditions and recovery. Participants were randomly assigned into non-threat and threat groups. Based on the median split of the high frequency (HF) spectral power, groups were divided into two additional groups. Overall, the high HRV participants showed superior performance on cognitive tasks independent of non-threat or threat conditions. During threat condition the low HRV group showed improved performance. Thus, individuals with high HRV were more stress tolerant and resilient in the face of environmental changes. The results from the study might have implications with regard to performance in operational settings, but also for other fields of psychological research such as individual differences, anxiety and coping. 相似文献
55.
Memory & Cognition - Subjects performed in an embedded-figures detection task which required them to judge whether one pattern was a part of another. In the perception condition, the part was... 相似文献
56.
57.
Kenneth Hugdahl Bjorn Helge Johnsen 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1991,26(1):39-44
Two experiments are reviewed that demonstrate effects of brain laterality on human classical conditioning. Pictures of facial
emotional expressions were used as conditioned stimuli (CSs) together with shock as unconditioned stimlus (UCS). Bilateral
electrodermal responses were recorded as dependent measures. In the first experiment, one group was conditioned to an angry
face, and one group to a happy face. During extinction, the face-CSs were presented to the right hemisphere on half of the
trials and to the left hemisphere on the other half of the trials. Results showed that the right hemisphere was superior in
showing persisting effects of learning, and especially to the angry CS+. In the second experiment, lateralized presentations
of the angry and happy faces were made during acquisition, with foveal presentations during extinction. Once again, the angry
face elicited greater skin conductance responses (SCRs) during extinction in the group that had this stimulus presented to
the right hemisphere during acquisition. It is concluded that emotional conditioning is differentially regulated by the two
hemispheres of the brain. 相似文献
58.
Measuring post-traumatic stress: A psychometric evaluation of symptom- and coping questionnaires based on a Norwegian sample 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jarle Eid Julian F. Thayer & BJØRN H. Johnsen 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1999,40(2):101-108
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Norweigian versions of the Impact of Event Scale, the Post Traumatic Stress Scale-10 item version and General Coping Questionnaire-30 item version. A group of 40 male and 56 female medical students was tested one week and four months after having started dissection of cadavers for the first time. The results showed that all scales had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The student sample scored lower on the IES and PTSS-10 than comparable groups of traumatized subjects. A gender difference emerged, with female subjects scoring higher than male subjects. The factor analysis of the instruments indicated good construct validity for the symptom scales. The analysis of content validity related to DSM IV criteria indicated that the IES and PTSS-10 may have some limitations in their predictive validity of PTSD. Taken together, the three scales have shown good psychometric properties and could be used in future research and clinical work. 相似文献
59.
Wilberg T Karterud S Pedersen G Urnes O Irion T Brabrand J Haavaldsen G Leirvåg H Johnsen K Andreasen H Hedmark H Stubbhaug B 《Journal of personality disorders》2003,17(6):510-521
This prospective, naturalistic study evaluated the practice and effectiveness of an outpatient group therapy program following day treatment for patients with personality disorders (PDs). One hundred and eighty-seven patients (86% patients with PDs and 14% with no PDs), were treated in outpatient psychodynamic group therapy. Outcome was assessed by Global Assessment of Functioning, Symptom Check List 90-R, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex, short version, at admission and discharge from day treatment, and at the end of outpatient group therapy. Average length of outpatient therapy was 24 months. Forty-three percent terminated in an irregular manner. Outcome of the continuation therapy was satisfactory for patients without PDs. For PD patients, the improvement from the day treatment was maintained during outpatient therapy, but further improvements were modest for symptoms and interpersonal distress, somewhat better for global functioning. Implications for further treatment development are discussed. 相似文献
60.
Development of a portable psychometric testing device for use in the field: an alcohol investigation
Cognitive and psychomotor performance have traditionally been assessed in the laboratory. There is a need for an objective portable assessment tool to assess cognitive and psychomotor performance. This study investigated the viability of a portable psychometric test battery, in a controlled laboratory environment, possibly leading to use in the field. A randomised, double-blind placebo controlled, three-way crossover design was employed. 16 subjects received 50 mg/100 ml and 80 mg/100 ml of alcohol and alcohol placebo. Performance was assessed with a tracking task, and an attention task presented on a small ruggedised handheld computer. The attention task showed no significant training effects; however, an element of the tracking task did. Statistical significance, effect size, and test-retest reliability analyses are presented indicating sensitivity of the portable psychometric test battery to the impairing effects of two separate doses of alcohol. Ability to undertake wide-scale impairment testing in the field with meaningful results in the absence of baseline data collection may have wide reaching implications, particularly in relation to the assessment of drivers impaired by drug use. 相似文献