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941.
Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: personality processes, individual differences, and life span development 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Abstract Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion‐eliciting event) and suppression (changing the way one responds behaviorally to an emotion‐eliciting event). In the first section, we review experimental findings showing that reappraisal has a healthier profile of short‐term affective, cognitive, and social consequences than suppression. In the second section, we review individual‐difference findings, which show that using reappraisal to regulate emotions is associated with healthier patterns of affect, social functioning, and well‐being than is using suppression. In the third section, we consider issues in the development of reappraisal and suppression and provide new evidence for a normative shift toward an increasingly healthy emotion regulation profile during adulthood (i.e., increases in the use of reappraisal and decreases in the use of suppression). 相似文献
942.
The authors examined the effects of competition and cooperation on intrinsic motivation and performance in 4 studies. Across 3 behavioral studies that involved shooting a basketball, no differences were observed between competition and cooperation on task enjoyment or performance. However, the combination of competition and cooperation (intergroup competition) consistently led to higher levels of intrinsic motivation, and in 2 of the 3 studies, performance. In a questionnaire study, the authors replicated the positive effects of intergroup competition on enjoyment and examined process measures that might account for these effects. These findings suggest that competition and cooperation both have positive aspects and that structuring recreational activities to include both can facilitate high levels of both intrinsic motivation and performance. 相似文献
943.
It might sound surprising that Motor Neurone Disease (MND), regarded still by many as the very example of a neurodegenerative disease affecting selectively the motor system and sparing the sensory functions as well as cognition, can have a significant influence on language. In this article we hope to demonstrate that language dysfunction is not only a pronounced and well documented symptom in some MND patients but also that the study of language in MND can address interesting theoretical questions about the representation of language and conceptual knowledge in the brain. After a brief introduction delineating clinical and pathological features of the disease we discuss the evidence available in the literature for language dysfunction in MND. We then present linguistic data from our own study of seven patients with MND/dementia/aphasia syndrome focusing on the dissociation between noun and verb processing. To illustrate the clinical, neuropsychological and linguistic aspects of MND we describe in more detail the patient E.N., a pathologically confirmed case of MND/dementia. Finally, we attempt to characterise the nature of the linguistic impairment in MND in the light of current debates about the mechanisms underlying noun/verb dissociation. 相似文献
944.
This study examined the nature of verb deficits in 14 individuals with probable Alzheimer's Disease (PrAD) and nine with agrammatic aphasia. Production was tested, controlling both semantic and syntactic features of verbs, using noun and verb naming, sentence completion, and narrative tasks. Noun and verb comprehension and a grammaticality judgment task also were administered. Results showed that while both PrAD and agrammatic subjects showed impaired verb naming, the syntactic features of verbs (i.e., argument structure) influenced agrammatic, but not Alzheimer's disease patients' verb production ability. That is, agrammatic patients showed progressively greater difficulty with verbs associated with more arguments, as has been shown in previous studies (e.g., Kim & Thompson, 2000; Thompson, 2003; Thompson, Lange, Schneider, & Shapiro, 1997), and suggest a syntactic basis for verb production deficits in agrammatism. Conversely, the semantic complexity of verbs affected PrAD, but not agrammatic, patients' performance, suggesting "bottom-up" breakdown in their verb lexicon, paralleling that of nouns, resulting from the degradation or loss of semantic features of verbs. 相似文献
945.
MacLullich AM Edmond CL Ferguson KJ Wardlaw JM Starr JM Seckl JR Deary IJ 《Brain and cognition》2004,56(3):344-348
Cerebellar volumes show small positive correlations with cognitive ability in young adults, but no studies have examined this relationship in older adults. Furthermore, no studies have examined relationships between sizes of subareas of the cerebellum and cognitive ability. We hypothesized that size of the two areas of the neocerebellar vermis would correlate with a battery of eight cognitive tests in 50 men aged 65-70. Size of the neocerebellar areas of the vermis correlated positively with several cognitive tests (r's=.29-.37, p<.05), whilst sizes of other parts of the vermis did not correlate with any cognitive tests. Total cerebellar volumes correlated significantly with a test of nonverbal reasoning (r=.030, p=.42). These findings suggest a specific association of neocerebellar vermis size with variations in cognitive ability in older adults. 相似文献
946.
Robertson JA 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2004,4(3):32-3; discussion W23-31
947.
948.
A Web-based family problem-solving intervention for families of children with traumatic brain injury
Shari?L.?WadeEmail author Christopher?R.?Wolfe John?P.?Pestian 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(2):261-269
We developed a Web-based intervention for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and examined its feasibility for participants
with limited computer experience. Six families, including parents, siblings, and children with TBI, were given computers,
Web cameras, and high-speed Internet access. Weekly videoconferences with the therapist were conducted after participants
completed on-line interactive experiences on problem solving, communication, and TBI-specific behavior management. Families
were assigned to videoconference with NetMeeting (iBOT cameras) or ViaVideo. Participants ranked the Web site and videoconferences
as moderately to very easy to use. ViaVideo participants rated videoconferencing significantly more favorably relative to
face-to-face meetings than did NetMeeting participants. Both the Web site and videoconferencing were rated as very helpful.
All families demonstrated improved outcomes on one or more target behaviors, including increased understanding of the injury
and improved parent-child relationships. All parents and siblings and all but 1 child with TBI said they would recommend the
program to others. We conclude that a face-to-face intervention can be successfully adapted to the Web for families with varied
computer experience. 相似文献
949.
Amir?AshkenaziEmail author Michael?Fritz John?Buckley Lawrence?E.?Marks 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):83-88
We describe a new, open flow device for presenting taste stimuli to human subjects under controlled conditions of timing. The device delivers each stimulus as a mist to the participant’s tongue through one of 16 nozzles attached to a linear slide. Software controls the position of the slide, the duration of the stimulus, and the duration of the pre- and poststimulus water rinses and records the responses of the participant. Temporal characteristics of this system make it especially applicable to studies on the role of attention in taste perception. 相似文献
950.
Life and mind: From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology. A tribute to Francisco Varela 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Evan Thompson 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2004,3(4):381-398
This talk, delivered at De l'autopoièse à la neurophénoménologie: un hommage à Francisco Varela; from autopoiesis to neurophenomenology: a tribute to Francisco Varela, June 18–20, at the Sorbonne in Paris, explicates several links between Varela's neurophenomenology and his biological concept of autopoiesis. 相似文献