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981.
Sexual assault is prevalent among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) college students, but its relationship to anti-LGBQ stigma has not been established. The goal of the present study was to determine whether minority stress, specifically internalized homophobia, predicted unwanted sexual experiences among LGBQ undergraduates (N = 763), whether routine behaviors (number of consensual sexual partners and alcohol use) mediated this relationship, and whether sense of LGBTQ community was a protective factor. Significant proportions of sexual minority men (10 %), women (18 %), and non-binary or transitioning students (19 %) reported an unwanted sexual experience since entering college. Internalized homophobia was associated with greater risk of unwanted sexual experiences. It also had a negative indirect effect on unwanted sexual experience risk through a negative association with number of sexual partners. Alcohol use did not mediate the relationship between internalized homophobia and unwanted sexual experiences. Sense of LGBTQ community was associated with lower risk, mediated by lower levels of internalized homophobia. The relationships between internalized homophobia and unwanted sexual experience risk were similar for women and men. These findings demonstrate that minority stress increases LGBQ students’ risk of sexual victimization and that in-group social relationships can mitigate this risk. We argue that minority stress is an important risk factor for sexual violence. Violence prevention interventions should attempt to reduce internalized homophobia, and colleges and high schools should establish LGBQ-affirming social climates and provide resources for LGBQ students, including targeted violence prevention efforts and programs that foster a sense of supportive community. 相似文献
982.
In two experiments, we examined the impact of the degree of match between sequential auditory perceptual organization processes
and the demands of a short-term memory task (memory for order vs. item information). When a spoken sequence of digits was
presented so as to promote its perceptual partitioning into two distinct streams by conveying it in alternating female (F)
and male (M) voices (FMFMFMFM)—thereby disturbing the perception of true temporal order—recall of item order was greatly impaired
(as compared to recall of item identity). Moreover, an order error type consistent with the formation of voice-based streams
was committed more quickly in the alternating-voice condition (Exp. 1). In contrast, when the perceptual organization of the
sequence mapped well onto an optimal two-group serial rehearsal strategy—by presenting the two voices in discrete clusters
(FFFFMMMM)—order, but not item, recall was enhanced (Exp. 2). The results are consistent with the view that the degree of
compatibility between perceptual and deliberate sequencing processes is a key determinant of serial short-term memory performance.
Alternative accounts of talker variability effects in short-term memory, based on the concept of a dedicated phonological
short-term store and a capacity-limited focus of attention, are also reviewed. 相似文献
983.
Witt et al. (2008) have recently shown that golfers who putt with more success perceive the hole to be bigger than golfers who putt with less success. In three experiments, we systematically examined whether this phenomenon, labelled action-specific perception, depends on directing visual attention towards the action target. In Experiment 1 we replicated previously reported action-specific effects on perception in golf putting. In 3 and 4 we directly assessed whether action-specific effects on perception in golf putting are dependent on focusing visual attention on the target. To this end, the participants performed the putting task while visual attention towards the target was either completely withheld (Experiment 2) or divided over the target and other task-relevant objects (Experiment 3). No action-specific effects were found when visual attention towards the action target was occluded or partially diverted from the target. Together, our results provide evidence to suggest that focusing visual attention on the target while performing the action is a prerequisite for the emergence of action-specific perception. 相似文献
984.
Taverniers J Smeets T Lo Bue S Syroit J Van Ruysseveldt J Pattyn N von Grumbkow J 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):332-343
The present field experiment examined how multi-trial visuo-spatial learning and memory performance are impacted by excessive
arousal, instigated by a potentially life-threatening event (i.e., a first parachute jump). Throughout a parachute training
activity, subjective and neuroendocrine (i.e., cortisol) stress levels were assessed of 61 male military cadets who were randomly
assigned to a control (n = 30) or a jump stress condition (n = 31). Post-stress learning and memory capacity was assessed with a 10-trial path-learning task that permitted emergence
of learning curves. Pre-activity cortisol concentrations indicated a significant neuroendocrine anticipatory stress response
in the stress group. Following parachuting, subjective stress levels and salivary cortisol reactivity differed significantly
between groups. Visuo-spatial path-learning performance was impaired significantly after jump stress exposure, relative to
the control group. Moreover, examination of the learning curves showed similar learning and memory performance at onset of
the trials, with curves bifurcating as the task became more complex. These findings are in accordance with leading theories
that acknowledge a moderating effect of task complexity. In sum, the present study extends knowledge concerning anticipatory
stress effects, endogenously instigated cortisol reactivity, and the influence of extreme arousal on visuo-spatial path learning. 相似文献
985.
Kam CM Greenberg MT Bierman KL Coie JD Dodge KA Foster ME Lochman JE McMahon RJ Pinderhughes EE;Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):365-377
This longitudinal study examined processes that mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and peer social
preference during the early school years. Three hundred and fifty six kindergarten children (182 boys) and their mothers participated
in the study. During kindergarten, mothers reported their level of depressive symptomatology. In first grade, teachers rated
children’s emotion regulation at school and observers rated the affective quality of mother-child interactions. During second
grade, children’s social preference was assessed by peer nomination. Results indicated that mothers’ level of depressive symptomatology
negatively predicted their child’s social preference 2 years later, controlling for the family SES and teacher-rated social
preference during kindergarten. Among European American families, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and
social preference was partially mediated by maternal warmth and the child’s emotion regulation. Although the relation between
maternal depressive symptoms and children peer preference was stronger among African American families than Europrean American
families, its mediation by the maternal warmth and child’s emotion regulation was not found in African American families. 相似文献
986.
Elder JH Donaldson SO Kairalla J Valcante G Bendixen R Ferdig R Self E Walker J Palau C Serrano M 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(3):263-271
Literature regarding fathers of children with autism remains sparse, and because mothers are the more common intervening parent,
few training methods have focused on fathers. Thus, we sought to evaluate effects of in-home training directed at fathers
and their ability to train mothers in the same manner in which they were trained. Fathers were taught four skills commonly
associated with in-home training interventions for parents of children with autism: following the child’s lead, imitation
with animation, commenting on the child, and expectant waiting. Father skills were evaluated twice a week for 12 weeks during
videotaped in-home father–child play sessions. Analyses included visual inspection of graphed data and statistical analyses
of father skill acquisition, mother skill acquisition, and child behaviors with both parents. A multivariate repeated measures
analysis of 18 dyads revealed significant increases in frequencies of fathers’ imitation with animation, expectant waiting,
and commenting on the child. Child initiating rates increased significantly as did frequencies of child non-speech vocalizations.
Analysis of mothers revealed significant increases in frequencies of imitation with animation, expectant waiting, and following
the child’s lead. Child behaviors had similar results for father and mother sessions. Findings are consistent with those from
our first study indicating that fathers can effectively implement skills that promote father–child social interactions and
that children respond positively to this approach. 相似文献
987.
Easterners tend to process information more holistically than Westerners. Kim and Markman (J Exp Soc Psychol 42(3):350–364,
2006) suggest that these differences are rooted in higher chronic levels of Fear of Isolation (FOI) for those cultures that process
information more holistically. The goal of this study was to determine if these differences and their suggested cause could
be found with two different Western cultures. Testing Italian (IT) and US American (US) adults, we found that IT participants
processed information more holistically and had a higher chronic level of FOI than US participants; furthermore, the manipulation
of FOI affected context sensitivity more for IT than for US participants. The results demonstrate that IT participants were
more similar to previous research with Eastern populations than with Western populations (Kim and Markman in J Exp Soc Psychol
42(3):350–364, 2006) and indicate a within-Western culture difference for reasoning styles and support the hypothesis that this difference is
due to different chronic levels of FOI. 相似文献
988.
989.
Recognition memory was examined for visual affective stimuli using behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERP) measures.
Images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) that varied systematically in arousal level (low, high) and
valence direction (unpleasant, pleasant) were first viewed passively. Then, during a response phase, the original images were
intermixed with an equal number of new images and presented, and participants were instructed to press a button to indicate
whether each stimulus picture was previously viewed (target) or new (foil). Participants were more sensitive to unpleasant-
than to pleasant-valence stimuli and were biased to respond to high-arousal unpleasant stimuli as targets, whether the stimuli
were previously viewed or new. Response times (RTs) to target stimuli were systematically affected by valence, whereas RTs
to foil stimuli were influenced by arousal level. ERP component amplitudes were generally larger for high than for low arousal
levels. The P300 (late positive component) amplitude was largest for high-arousal unpleasant target images. These and other
amplitude effects suggest that high-arousal unpleasant stimuli engage a privileged memory-processing route during stimulus
processing. Theoretical relationships between affective and memory processes are discussed. 相似文献
990.