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91.
John R. Beech 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1992,11(2):164-181
This study primarily investigated various aspects of phonemic processing and memory in relation to reading in 74 5- and 6-year-old
British children. A principal components analysis revealed a major connection between reading and aspects of phonemic processing
for both age groups. For the 5-year-olds the processing of the initial phoneme was important for reading, whereas for the
6-year-olds processing of initial and final phonemes appeared to be equally related on this factor. A second factor for both
groups was intelligence, which was related to reading only for the 6-year-olds; but this intelligence factor was more associated
with phonemic processing for the 5-year-olds. An analysis involving clustering individual readers with similar patterns across
the experimental variables showed some consistent profiles for disabled readers across the two age groups. These profiles
suggested potential areas for remediation according to subgroup membership. 相似文献
92.
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94.
John W. Schuster Ed.D. Ann K. Griffen B.S. Mark Wolery Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1992,2(3):305-325
Simultaneous prompting (a type of antecedent prompt and test procedure) and constant time delay were compared with four students with moderate mental retardation learning expressive sight words. A parallel treatments design across word sets and replicated across students was used. For acquisition, the simultaneous prompting procedures required fewer trials, sessions, and training time to criterion and resulted in fewer student errors during daily probe and training sessions. However, maintenance data indicated mixed results across the two procedures. Reliability data (both dependent and independent variables) revealed no differences between the two procedures in terms of the teacher's accuracy in recording student responses and implementing each procedure. Future research issues are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Parent-tutoring procedures: Experimental analysis and validation of generalization in oral reading across passages,settings, and time 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Steven F. Duvall Ph.D. Joseph C. Delquadri Ph.D. Marlene Elliott Ph.D. R. Vance Hall Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1992,2(3):281-303
A study that involved parents as reading tutors was carried out at home during the summer with four elementary children, three with learning disabilities. One purpose was to determine the effects of tutoring in the basal reader on reading rates at home. Another purpose was to determine potential generalization effects as a result of parent tutoring on different academic tasks at home and, later at school, on different and similar tasks. A combination multiple-baseline and reversal design tested for replication and generalization effects. Increases in correct rates were noted for the targeted variables across conditions. The results indicated that parents tutoring with school basal texts during the summer produced marked increases in reading rates that generalized at home to different academic tasks and at school to different and similar tasks. This suggests that parents, when using specific tutoring procedures, can increase their children's academic skills. 相似文献
96.
Genetic counselors have participated in the Michigan Newborn Screening Program on a contractual basis since 1988. Their role includes newborn screening education and training, newborn nursery site visits, and monitoring newborn screening in hospitals. Their impact has been to improve the quality of newborn screening services by reducing errors and increasing completion of data fields on newborn screening cards, improving hospital nursery cooperation and problem solving, and enhancing health department response to specific problems. 相似文献
97.
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99.
John J. Furedy 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1992,27(4):347-355
The negative-tilt preparation that has been reported since the late seventies is a specific form of Pavlovian conditioning that is of scientific interest and has potential applications. In this paper I reflect on the usefulness, to the development of this preparation, of two approaches to Pavlovian conditioning. One approach is the older S-R learning, stimulus-substitution paradigm exemplified by learning texts of the sixties. The other is the modern, Tolman-like view, according to which the phenomenon of Pavlovian conditioning is “now described as the learning of relations among events so as to allow the organism to represent its environment.” The three assumptions encapsulated by this approach are: (a) that only CS-US contingency relations are learned; (b) that teleological modes of explanations are adequate; (c) that the representational theory of knowledge is sound. Concerning Pavlovian conditioning in general, questions been raised in the literature for all three assumptions; they have not been adequately answered. Regarding the specific problem of developing the human Pavlovian heart-ratedecelerative conditioning with negative tilt as the US, I suggest that the cognitive approach has been much less helpful than the older, S-R, stimulus-substitution paradigm. Nevertheless, other literature clearly indicates that the cognitive, S-S approach has generated considerable interest and research, especially in preparations like the conditioned emotional response (CER), which are CS-IR ones in the sense that the effects on the CR are assessed indirectly through measuring an indicator or instrumental response (IR). Finally, even in CS-CR preparations like human GSR conditioning, it is important to study the cognitive, S-S learning process through using such dependent variables as continuously assessed subjective CS-US contingency. 相似文献
100.
J. A. Joseph 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1992,27(3):216-227
One of the hallmarks of the aging process is a loss of sensitivity in central neuronal receptors to agonist stimulation. This
appears to be especially true in central (hippocampal, striatal) muscarinic cholinergic systems and in the striatal dopamine
systems. For these two systems, any decline in their sensitivity can be of extreme importance in determining the behavioral
capabilities of the organism. Decrements in the striatal dopamine system may be reflected as motor behavioral deficits, while
the central cholinergic systems play a major role in the processing of memory through the activation of muscarinic receptors
(mAChR). Declines in the function of these receptors appear to be at least partially responsible for the marked deterioration
of cognitive function in normal aging and, more notably, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous work has indicated only minimal
success in improving performance in tasks that assess memory in senescent animals or humans with pharmacological agents which
enhance cholinergic functioning. The present review describes research that indicates that two of the factors involved in
this decline in receptor sensitivity include: (a) decreased receptor concentrations and (b) age-related decrements in signal
transduction pathways. Studies are reviewed that indicate that the oxidative neural damage that occurs via kainic acid or
ionizing radiation parallel those seen in aging. It is suggested that the common mechanism that may exist among all of the
age-, disease-, excitatory amino acid- or radiation-induced deficits in neuronal transmission may involve free-radical-mediated
alterations in membrane integrity through lipid peroxidation. 相似文献