全文获取类型
收费全文 | 47517篇 |
免费 | 1807篇 |
国内免费 | 13篇 |
出版年
2019年 | 524篇 |
2018年 | 761篇 |
2017年 | 740篇 |
2016年 | 816篇 |
2015年 | 602篇 |
2014年 | 734篇 |
2013年 | 4724篇 |
2012年 | 1276篇 |
2011年 | 1342篇 |
2010年 | 861篇 |
2009年 | 851篇 |
2008年 | 1292篇 |
2007年 | 1162篇 |
2006年 | 1106篇 |
2005年 | 991篇 |
2004年 | 979篇 |
2003年 | 982篇 |
2002年 | 988篇 |
2001年 | 1369篇 |
2000年 | 1293篇 |
1999年 | 1040篇 |
1998年 | 564篇 |
1997年 | 529篇 |
1996年 | 631篇 |
1995年 | 622篇 |
1994年 | 587篇 |
1993年 | 577篇 |
1992年 | 1039篇 |
1991年 | 913篇 |
1990年 | 930篇 |
1989年 | 813篇 |
1988年 | 810篇 |
1987年 | 805篇 |
1986年 | 793篇 |
1985年 | 804篇 |
1984年 | 761篇 |
1983年 | 666篇 |
1982年 | 547篇 |
1981年 | 557篇 |
1980年 | 513篇 |
1979年 | 685篇 |
1978年 | 583篇 |
1976年 | 527篇 |
1975年 | 648篇 |
1974年 | 662篇 |
1973年 | 674篇 |
1972年 | 624篇 |
1971年 | 556篇 |
1970年 | 497篇 |
1968年 | 596篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
D. THOMAS PORTER 《人类交流研究》1981,8(1):58-71
Since 1970 about 80% of the research on oral communication apprehension has used one of two versions of McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension. The original 20-item PRCA was introduced for the purpose of measuring apprehension beyond the traditional public speaking context. Although the PRCA-20 is reliable, some serious criticism of it has centered on its ability to tap interpersonal behavior outcomes. In an attempt to bolster its interpersonal applicability, five “interpersonally-oriented” items were added to form the PRCA-25. The studies reported herein demonstrate that both versions fail to possess sufficient reliable variance to be applicable to contexts other than public settings. In addition, it was found that the interpersonal items are a separate component of the PRCA, and as such, do not justify being treated equal in terms of additivity and, therefore, reduce the construct integrity of the PRCA. 相似文献
42.
John Y. H. Bai Sarah Cowie Anne C. Macaskill Douglas Elliffe Christopher A. Podlesnik 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,113(2):363-389
It is widely assumed that reinforcers are biologically relevant stimuli, or stimuli that have been associated with biologically relevant stimuli. However, brief, arbitrary stimuli have also been reported to have reinforcement-like effects, despite being unrelated to biologically relevant stimuli like food. The present study explored the potential reinforcement-like effects of brief stimuli across 5 experiments. In Experiments 1 through 4, pigeon subjects responded for food reinforcement and brief stimulus presentations in a 2-component multiple schedule. Neither baseline response rates nor resistance to change during disruption tests were systematically greater in a component with versus without brief stimulus presentations. Increasing the rate and duration of brief stimulus presentations in Experiment 4 did not reveal reinforcement-like effects when compared directly with food. In Experiment 5, pigeons chose between independent terminal links in a concurrent-chains procedure. Across conditions, varying the location, duration, and rate of brief stimulus presentations in the terminal links had no systematic effects on preference. In contrast, varying rates of food reinforcers resulted in large and reliable shifts in preference. Therefore, the present study found no systematic evidence that brief stimuli unrelated to food reliably increase response rates, resistance to change, or preference. These data demonstrate the value of systematic replication, and a behavioral momentum approach to assessing potential reinforcement-like effects. 相似文献
43.
44.
45.
Christopher D. Adams Anthony Dickinson 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1981,33(2):109-121
In two experiments, hungry rats were given instrumental lever-press training for an appetitive reinforcer and, in addition, were exposed to another type of food which was not contingent on lever pressing. In the first experiment, exposure to each type of food was on separate days, whereas in the second experiment rats were exposed to each type of food in strict alternation within each session. Subsequently, a food aversion was conditioned to the reinforcer for the experimental group and to the non-contingent food for the control group. In both experiments, animals with an aversion to the reinforcer responded less in an extinction test than animals with an aversion to the non-contingent food. Subsequent reacquisition tests confirmed that the aversion to the non-contingent food in the control group was of comparable strength with that to the reinforcer in the experimental group. The results were discussed in terms of whether the reinforcer is encoded in the associative structure set up by exposure to an instrumental contingency. 相似文献
46.
M. D. A. Freeman 《Journal of applied philosophy》1999,16(1):1-17
Gay marriages (as such) are not as yet allowed anywhere but the demand for them is increasing. Most countries take a liberal attitude towards marriage: few obstacles are put in its way. But objections to gay marriages continue to be raised. These objections are refuted and the case for gay marriage is assessed through the prism of various forms of liberalism. The normative argument for allowing gay marriage is shown to be both strong and consistent with many of the values upheld by the opponents of such unions. 相似文献
47.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献
48.
49.
50.
Marcellus M Merritt Gary G Bennett Redford B Williams Christopher L Edwards John J Sollers 《Health psychology》2006,25(3):364-369
This study evaluated cardiovascular responses (CVR) to an active speech task with blatantly discriminatory (BRC) versus neutral (NRC) stimuli and an anger recall task in a sample of Black men (N = 73; age 18 to 47). Diastolic blood pressure scores were higher for NRC versus BRC stimuli during anger recall (p = .05). Moreover, persons in the NRC group who perceived high levels of racism (vs. no racism or BRC group) during active speech showed larger increases in blood pressure across postspeech rest, anger recall, and subsequent rest (p = .03). The notable elevation in CVR in response to an ambiguous event extends current models of racism suggesting that subtle racism is a psychosocial stressor that erodes health through chronically elevated CVR. 相似文献