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131.
John Duckitt 《Current Psychology》1992,11(4):291-307
Originally it was thought that prejudiced intergroup attitudes were very closely related to negative intergroup behavior.
More recently, empirical studies reveal a weak and inconsistent relationship, that discriminatory intergroup behavior is therefore
largely determined by situational factors, and that it is relatively independent of an individual’s attitudes. A detailed
review of this research, however, suggests that the relationship between prejudice and behavior may be much more consistent
than has been thought. Moreover, although the relationship is usually not very powerful, most research has involved methodological
inadequacies which would have inappropriately depressed it. Finally, it is noted that, for negative intergroup behavior to
be situationally determined, does not exclude a strong relationship between it and prejudiced attitudes. 相似文献
132.
Psychological knowledge from eye-witness research is applied here to the particular problem of reporting road accidents. Thereby
the paper highlights some of the assumptions in eye-witness research. The interface between that research and the reporting
of road accidents is examined by reference to existing social psychological notions. These are notions about questioning and
about hypothesis testing. The paper makes special reference to the questioning of child witnesses because problems therein
are particularly acute. 相似文献
133.
Robert J. Fetsch 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1992,71(2):192-193
The author developed a practical, effective way of teaching people how to refocus their energy from predicaments to problems and thereby reduce their stress levels. Feedback about using the technique was positive. Benefits and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
134.
John L. Romano 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1992,71(2):199-202
The importance of educating students about stress and stress management is emphasized, because students will confront stressors throughout their life span. In this article the author summarizes major stress theories and shows how stress theory and stress management strategies can be integrated into existing school curricula. 相似文献
135.
Contemporary research on the construction of the self emphasizes the products rather than the process of self-development.
Borrowing from the writings of William James and contemporary views of natural selection, we propose a model ofevolutionary self-construction. Grounded in the principles of evolution and the philosophy of pragmatism, evolutionary self-construction proposes a process
that guides the seeking of “truth” inpossible selves. According to this view, the self develops in response to uncertainty reduction with the “correct” self identified
via the “sentiment of rationality.” Selves presently identified as correct are considered to be “instruments of action” that
facilitate the interaction between an individual and the environment. Selected selves can then be developed to one’s best
advantage and presented in an optimal fashion. This model helps organize contemporary frameworks around a common theme and
embraces affect as a central component in the development of the self.
A previous version of this paper was presented at the 98th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston,
MA. 相似文献
136.
Robert T. Carter Janet E. Helms 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1992,20(4):181-201
Helms (1984) presented a model to explain the influence of Black and White racial identity development on counseling interactions. The purpose of this study was to examine her hypothesis that specific combinations of racial identity attitudes contribute to qualitatively different counseling process and outcome or relationship types. 相似文献
137.
The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of a brief test user orientation program on increasing service station managers' familiarity with a few key employment testing issues, including their familiarity with theModel Guidelines for Preemployment Integrity Testing Programs. The obtained results reveal that even a brief orientation program was able to significantly increase the managers' stated degree of familiarity with testing issues. 相似文献
138.
John Radford 《Applied cognitive psychology》1992,6(5):455-455
139.
When a judgment task evokes unbiased estimates (i.e. the errors in individual judgments are distributed randomly around the true value), mathematical aggregation of individual estimates, even by a simple arithmetic mean, often will outperform all group members. However, when a task evokes biased estimates, mathematical aggregation does not perform so well. In this study, simulated data were accumulated to specify the expected' accuracy of mathematical aggregation relative to the accuracy of observed judgment of individual group members under varying conditions of task bias. Three types of judgment tasks were employed: (1) single-estimate, holistic tasks, (2) multiple-estimate, ranking tasks, and (3) multi-cue, decomposed tasks. Findings indicated across all task types that a large percentage of judgment-making group estimates formed strictly by computing the arithmetic mean of individual estimates performed better than their most capable members when a judgment task evoked little or no bias, a result particularly pronounced for ranking tasks. When the task was more greatly bias-evoking, a large percentage of parallel groups performed more poorly than average (or median) members, again a pattern more starkly evident for ranking tasks. These results suggest that the extent to which a judgment task evokes bias in a population of prospective group members is an important explanatory variable deserving much greater attention in the study of group performance. For example, an assertion about the efficacy of a particular group intervention based on a reliable demonstration of group performance as accurate as the most capable members may be unfounded when a task evokes no bias, since the baseline standard under such conditions should be much higher. By selecting tasks and populations that jointly produced highly biased estimates, researchers can lower the performance floor enough to detect (with reasonably small samples of groups) experimental effects should they occur. 相似文献
140.
Edgar J. Nottingham IV Robert A. Neimeyer 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》1992,10(2):57-81
Mental health practitioners are faced with a profound challenge surrounding the prevalence of adult mental disorders, the need for inpatient treatment programs, and the costs of such programs. This paper describes the development of an adult inpatient psychiatric program based on Rational-Emotive Therapy. Specific elements of this program are described briefly, and preliminary outcome data presented on 372 patients. Concerns and future directions are also discussed. Development of adult inpatient psychiatric programs based on Rational-Emotive Therapy would appear to be one method of providing effective and cost-efficient treatment within the current cost-containment atmosphere of psychiatric treatment.Dr. Nottingham is an Associate Fellow and Approved Supervisor of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy. He is in independent practice with Germantown Psychological Associates, P.C. and is Director of Psychology at Parkwood Hospital, Olive Branch, MS. Dr. Neimeyer is an Associate Professor and Director of Clinical Training in the Department of Psychology of Memphis State University. He has written extensively in the areas of cognitive and constructivist psychotherapy, and is co-editor of the International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology.The authors would like to thank Kat Bagley, Joe Grillo, Ivey Bright, Brooke Bensen, Cathy Michas, Brad Barris, Lori Passmore, David Wilkins, and Dee Conrad for their help with data collection. Additionally, without the assistance and support of the Parkwood Hospital administration and staff, neither this treatment program nor this paper could have been developed.Portions of this paper based on earlier data analyses were presented at the Mississippi Psychological Association Convention, September, 1990. This research was conducted at Parkwood Hospital. 相似文献