全文获取类型
收费全文 | 32910篇 |
免费 | 228篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
33139篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 75篇 |
2020年 | 139篇 |
2019年 | 171篇 |
2018年 | 3650篇 |
2017年 | 3023篇 |
2016年 | 2464篇 |
2015年 | 388篇 |
2014年 | 334篇 |
2013年 | 1492篇 |
2012年 | 1000篇 |
2011年 | 2790篇 |
2010年 | 2764篇 |
2009年 | 1736篇 |
2008年 | 2116篇 |
2007年 | 2559篇 |
2006年 | 451篇 |
2005年 | 629篇 |
2004年 | 590篇 |
2003年 | 524篇 |
2002年 | 503篇 |
2001年 | 246篇 |
2000年 | 229篇 |
1999年 | 211篇 |
1998年 | 232篇 |
1997年 | 223篇 |
1996年 | 171篇 |
1995年 | 174篇 |
1994年 | 160篇 |
1993年 | 180篇 |
1992年 | 167篇 |
1991年 | 142篇 |
1990年 | 150篇 |
1989年 | 126篇 |
1988年 | 120篇 |
1987年 | 131篇 |
1986年 | 117篇 |
1985年 | 148篇 |
1984年 | 189篇 |
1983年 | 192篇 |
1982年 | 193篇 |
1981年 | 177篇 |
1980年 | 142篇 |
1979年 | 134篇 |
1978年 | 178篇 |
1977年 | 160篇 |
1976年 | 163篇 |
1975年 | 142篇 |
1974年 | 156篇 |
1973年 | 108篇 |
1972年 | 78篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
881.
Alasdair Cochrane 《Res Publica》2007,13(3):293-318
This paper examines whether non-human animals have a moral right not to be experimented upon. It adopts a Razian conception
of rights, whereby an individual possesses a right if an interest of that individual is sufficient to impose a duty on another.
To ascertain whether animals have a right not to be experimented on, three interests are examined which might found such a
right: the interest in not suffering, the interest in staying alive, and the interest in being free. It is argued that while
the first two of these interests are sufficient to ground animal rights against being killed and made to suffer by experiments,
the interest in freedom does not ground a general animal right not to be used in experimentation.
Winner of the second annual Res Publica Postgraduate Essay Prize, 2006. 相似文献
882.
883.
884.
Joelle C. Ruthig Tara L. Haynes Raymond P. Perry Judith G. Chipperfield 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(1):115-137
Although optimism has several benefits, there are potential drawbacks associated with “too much of a good thing”. Within an
academic context, a possible determinant of the adaptiveness of optimistic bias is whether students have a sense of control
over academic outcomes: optimistically-biased (OB) achievement expectations paired with perceptions of academic control may
enhance performance and well-being; optimistic bias in the absence of perceived control may result in disappointment, poor
performance, and diminished well-being. The current longitudinal study examined academic control cognitions (ACC) among OB
college students (n = 319) versus non-optimistically biased (non-OB) students (n = 321). We also examined the effects of academic optimistic bias on composite measures of college performance (perceived
success, final psychology course grades, cumulative GPA, course attrition) and well-being (positive and negative emotions,
health behaviors, future optimism) 6 months later; and determined whether ACC accounted for those associations. Significant
MANCOVAs showed OB students had greater ACC, better subsequent well-being, and outperformed their non-OB counterparts. These
well-being and performance differences remained significant after statistically accounting for initial aptitude and ACC. Overall,
academic optimistic bias was accompanied by perceived controllability over scholastic outcomes, yet beyond the effects of
ACC, optimistic bias was associated with better year-end performance and well-being. Findings have implications for maximizing
the successful transition of first-year college students. 相似文献
885.
Dustin B. Wygant Lana I. Boutacoff Paul A. Arbisi Yossef S. Ben-Porath Peter H. Kelly William M. Rupp 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(3):197-205
The current study examined the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales (Tellegen et al., MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003) in a sample of 1,091 bariatric surgery candidates. The RC scales were
developed to address concerns about limited discriminant validity of the Clinical scales. Internal consistency and external
validity analyses were conducted to evaluate the RC scales in this setting. Results indicated that the RC scales are generally
more internally consistent than the Clinical scales and display significantly better convergent and discriminant validity
in predicting a variety of behavioral, psychological, and developmental variables relevant to preoperative bariatric psychological
evaluations. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research with the RC scales in medical settings are
discussed. 相似文献
886.
Stuart Brock 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(2):211-242
Many philosophers suggest (1) that our emotional engagement with fiction involves participation in a game of make-believe,
and (2) that what distinguishes an emotional game from a dispassionate game is the fact that the former activity alone involves
sensations of physiological and visceral disturbances caused by our participation in the game. In this paper I argue that
philosophers who accept (1) should reject (2). I then illustrate how this conclusion illuminates various puzzles in aesthetics
and the philosophy of mind. 相似文献
887.
Colin Johnston 《Synthese》2007,156(2):231-251
It is not immediately clear from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus how to connect his idea there of an object with the logical ontologies
of Frege and Russell. Toward clarification on this matter, this paper compares Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s versions of the
thesis of an atomic fact that it is a complex composition. The claim arrived at is that whilst Russell (at times at least)
has one particular of the elements of a fact – the relation – responsible for the unity of the whole, for Wittgenstein the
unity of a fact is the product of copulative powers inherent in all its elements. All kinds of constituents of Tractarian
facts – all kinds (forms) of object – are, to use Fregean terminology, unsaturated. 相似文献
888.
Torbjörn Tännsjö 《Philosophical Studies》2007,135(2):123-143
Moral relativism comes in many varieties. One is a moral doctrine, according to which we ought to respect other cultures,
and allow them to solve moral problems as they see fit. I will say nothing about this kind of moral relativism in the present
context. Another kind of moral relativism is semantic moral relativism, according to which, when we pass moral judgements,
we make an implicit reference to some system of morality (our own). According to this kind of moral relativism, when I say
that a certain action is right, my statement is elliptic. What I am really saying is that, according to the system of morality
in my culture, this action is right. I will reject this kind of relativism. According to yet another kind of moral relativism,
which we may call epistemic, it is possible that, when one person (belonging to one culture) makes a certain moral judgement,
such as that this action is right, and another person (belong to another culture) makes the judgement that the very same action
is wrong, they may have just as good reasons for their respective judgements; it is even possible that, were they fully informed
about all the facts, equally imaginative, and so forth, they would still hold on to their respective (conflicting) judgements.
They are each fully justified in their belief in conflicting judgements. I will comment on this form of moral relativism in
passing. Finally, however, there is a kind of moral relativism we could call ontological, according to which, when two persons
pass conflicting moral verdicts on a certain action, they may both be right. The explanation is that they make their judgements
from the perspective of different, socially constructed, moral universes. So while it is true in the first person's moral
universe that a certain action is right, it is true in the second person's moral universe that the very same action is wrong.
I explain and defend this version of ontological moral relativism. 相似文献
889.
Proficiency in a second language (L2) may depend upon the age of exposure and the continued use of the mother tongue (L1)
during L2 acquisition. The effect of early L2 exposure on the preattentive perception of native and non-native vowel contrasts
was studied by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) response from 14-year-old children. The test group consisted of six
Finnish children who had participated in English immersion education. The control group consisted of eight monolingual Finns.
The subjects were presented with Finnish and English synthetic vowel contrasts. The aim was to see whether early exposure
had resulted in the development of a new language-specific memory trace for the contrast phonemically irrelevant in L1. The
results indicated that only the contrast with the largest acoustic distance elicited an MMN response in the Bilingual group,
while the Monolingual group showed a response also to the native contrast. This may suggest that native-like memory traces
for prototypical vowels were not formed in early language immersion. 相似文献
890.
In spite of more than 100 years of research, the mechanisms underlying visual masking are still unknown. In recent publications,
we introduced an unmasking paradigm involving the fusion of features that revealed interesting spatial characteristics. Here,
we investigate the temporal aspects of this paradigm showing very long lasting effects that impose serious restrictions on
models of masking. We used a simple feed-forward neural network model to explain these results. 相似文献