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941.
Carolyn A. Blondin Jeff L. Cochran Eun Jung Oh Cora M. Taylor Robert L. Williams 《Journal of Adult Development》2011,18(4):204-213
Undergraduate students in a Southeastern US University (n = 232) responded to an inventory that included retrospective measures of their parents’ style of parenting (authoritarian
vs. authoritative) and their own childhood psychological tendencies (insecurity vs. confidence), as well as their adult stressors
and political orientation. Authoritative parenting positively correlated with childhood confidence and negatively correlated
with both childhood insecurity and adult stressors. Conversely, authoritarian parenting was positively associated with childhood
insecurity and adult stressors but was not significantly correlated with childhood confidence. For the most part, parenting
styles, early childhood tendencies, and adult stressors were unrelated to adult political ideology, contrary to previous longitudinal
research reporting these connections. 相似文献
942.
Prasanta S. Bandyoapdhyay Davin Nelson Mark Greenwood Gordon Brittan Jesse Berwald 《Synthese》2011,181(2):185-208
There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson’s paradox. (i) Why or in what sense is Simpson’s paradox a paradox? (ii) What is the proper analysis of the paradox? (iii) How one should proceed when confronted with a typical case of the paradox? We propose a “formal” answer to the first two questions which, among other things, includes deductive proofs for important theorems regarding Simpson’s paradox. Our account contrasts sharply with Pearl’s causal (and questionable) account of the first two questions. We argue that the “how to proceed question?” does not have a unique response, and that it depends on the context of the problem. We evaluate an objection to our account by comparing ours with Blyth’s account of the paradox. Our research on the paradox suggests that the “how to proceed question” needs to be divorced from what makes Simpson’s paradox “paradoxical.” 相似文献
943.
Kathryn L. Humphreys Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):299-307
We used the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) to examine risk taking and sensitivity to punishment, two relevant aspects of
behavioral inhibition, in 203 school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant
disorder (ODD), ADHD+ODD, and controls. Participants earned points on the BART by pumping 30 separate balloons that exploded
at variable intervals. No points were earned on a trial when a balloon exploded. The number of pumps across all balloons estimated
risk taking and the reduction in pumps following balloon explosions was interpreted as an indicator of sensitivity to negative
punishment. We found that all groups significantly differed from one another on risk taking. The ADHD+ODD group pumped the
most, followed by the ODD, ADHD, and the control group, respectively. For sensitivity to negative punishment, all groups performed
differently, with the ODD group showing the least sensitivity to an exploded balloon, followed by the ADHD, control, and ADHD+ODD
groups, respectively. Children with ADHD+ODD demonstrated significantly different patterns of risk taking and sensitivity
to negative punishment than children with either ADHD-only or ODD-only. ADHD youth with comorbid ODD had the greatest levels
of risk taking, but they were also the most sensitive to negative punishment. The relationship between ADHD and ODD, as well
as the nature of comorbidity in constructs related to risk taking and related behaviors, are discussed. 相似文献
944.
Stathis Psillos 《Synthese》2011,181(1):23-40
The aim of this paper is to articulate, discuss in detail and criticise Reichenbach’s sophisticated and complex argument for
scientific realism. Reichenbach’s argument has two parts. The first part aims to show how there can be reasonable belief in
unobservable entities, though the truth of claims about them is not given directly in experience. The second part aims to
extent the argument of the first part to the case of realism about the external world, conceived of as a world of independently
existing entities distinct from sensations. It is argued that the success of the first part depends on a change of perspective,
where unobservable entities are viewed as projective complexes vis-à-vis their observable symptoms, or effects. It is also
argued that there is an essential difference between the two parts of the argument, which Reichenbach comes (somewhat reluctantly)
to accept. 相似文献
945.
Resource control and status as stimuli for arousing power motivation: An American-Chinese comparison
In this paper, we analyze power motivation from a cross-cultural perspective. Power motivation has been mainly studied within
the Western culture. However, previous research suggests that some contours and nuances of power and power motivation may
be culturally specific. In this article, we analyze cultural differences between American and Chinese students in how power
motivation is aroused. Drawing from the cross-cultural literature, we propose that having decision-making control over resources
increases levels of power motivation among Americans but not Chinese, whereas status-elevation increases power motivation
among both Americans and Chinese. These hypotheses were tested experimentally with resource-control, status-elevation, and
neutral conditions. The first hypothesis was fully supported, but the second one was only partially supported. Levels of power
motivation in the neutral condition (i.e., dispositional power motives) were similar for American and Chinese participants,
but power motivation arousal was greater for Americans than Chinese, in both power arousal conditions. These findings contribute
to our understanding of the power motivation construct in a non-Western context. 相似文献
946.
Socially anxious feelings sharply increase during adolescence and such feelings have been associated with interpretive biases.
Studies in adults have shown that interpretive biases can be modified using Cognitive Bias Modification procedures (CBM-I)
and subsequent effects on anxiety have been observed. The current study was designed to examine whether the CBM-I procedure
has similar effects in adolescents. Unselected adolescents were randomly allocated to either a positive interpretation training
(n = 88) or a placebo-control condition (n = 82). Results revealed that the training was successful in modifying interpretations and effects generalized to a new task.
The interpretive bias effects were most pronounced in individuals with a threat-related interpretive bias at pre-test. No
effects on state anxiety were observed. The current findings are promising with regard to applying bias modification procedures
to adolescents, while further research is warranted regarding emotional effects. 相似文献
947.
Despite growing recognition that systemic family therapists need to be adept at personal reflection and managing the therapeutic
relationship, little research has explored the effects of training beyond the development of skills. This article provides
a report on a qualitative study focussed on the personal effects of family therapy training, with particular reference to
the aspects of training that foster personal reflection and growth. Twenty three trainees from three training institutions
were interviewed, utilizing the practices of grounded theory. Trainees reported a deepening relational awareness, which applied
to both personal and professional domains and included shifts in perspectives on relationships with loved ones. Five aspects
of training were identified as responsible: (1) personally challenging experiences with clients; (2) supervisors who live
the paradigm; (3) the demystification of theory; (4) a safe supervisory space; and (5) the development of trusting peer relationships.
Interns also described, in turn, how their personal development affected their clinical work, particularly in the development
of compassion and empathy. This study serves to highlight training practices that support reflective practice in systemic
family therapy. 相似文献
948.
Michael J. Raven 《Philosophia》2011,39(4):751-757
Aristotelian relativism about the future (as recently defended by MacFarlane (2003)) claims that a prediction made on Monday, such as ‘It will rain’, can be indeterminate on Monday but determinate on Tuesday.
A serious objection to this intuitively appealing view is that it cannot coherently be attested: for if it is attested on
Monday, then our blindness to what the future holds precludes attesting that the prediction is determinate on Tuesday, and
if it is attested on Tuesday (when, suppose, it rains), then the fact that it rains precludes attesting that the prediction
is indeterminate on Monday. In this paper, I focus on Moruzzi and Wright (2009)’s recent development of this objection and argue that it fails. This result removes a major obstacle to defending the Aristotelian
view. 相似文献
949.
Wesley D. Cray 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2011,70(2):147-153
At first glance, the properties being omniscient and being worthy of worship might appear to be perfectly co-instantiable. (To say that some properties are co-instantiable is just to say that it is possible that some object instantiate all of them simultaneously. Being entirely red and being a ball are co-instantiable; being entirely red and being entirely blue are not). But there are reasons to be worried about this co-instantiability, as it turns out that, depending on our commitments
with respect to certain kinds of knowledge and notions of personhood, it might be the case that no being—God included—could
instantiate both. In this paper, I lay out and motivate this claim before going on to consider a variety of responses—some
more plausible than others—that may be offered by the theist. 相似文献
950.
Gerald D. Doppelt 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2011,42(2):295-316
I defend a realist commitment to the truth of our most empirically successful current scientific theories—on the ground that
it provides the best explanation of their success and the success of their falsified predecessors. I argue that this Best
Current Theory Realism (BCTR) is superior to preservative realism (PR) and the structural realism (SR). I show that PR and
SR rest on the implausible assumption that the success of outdated theories requires the realist to hold that these theories
possessed truthful components. PR is undone by the fact that past theories succeeded even though their ontological claims
about unobservables are false. SR backpeddles to argue that the realist is only committed to the truth about the structure
of relations implied by the outdated theory, in order to explain its success. I argue that the structural component of theories
is too bare-bones thin to explain the predictive/explanatory success of outdated theories. I conclude that BCTR can meet these
objections to PR and SR, and also overcome the pessimistic meta-induction. 相似文献