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861.
After a person has become stuck on a problem, they sometimes achieve a clear and sudden solution through insight--the so-called Aha! experience. Because of its distinctive experience, the origins and characteristics of insight have received considerable attention historically in psychological research. However, despite considerable progress in characterizing insight, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious. We argue that research on insight could be greatly advanced by supplementing traditional insight research, which depends on a few complex problems, with paradigms common in other domains of cognitive science. We describe a large set of mini-insight problems to which multiple methods can be applied, together with subjective reports to identify insight problem-solving. Behavioral priming and neuroimaging methods are providing evidence about what, where, and how neural activity occurs during insight. Such evidence constrains theories of component processes, and will help to demystify insight. 相似文献
862.
Wager TD Jonides J Smith EE Nichols TE 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(2):127-143
Although task switching is often considered one of the fundamental abilities underlying executive functioning and general
intelligence, there is little evidence that switching is a unitary construct and little evidence regarding the relationship
between brain activity and switching performance. We examined individual differences in multiple types of attention shifting
in order to determine whether behavioral performance and fMRI activity are correlated across different types of shifting.
The participants (n=39) switched between objects and attributes both when stimuli were perceptually available (external) and when stimuli were
stored in memory (internal). We found that there were more switchrelated activations in many regions associated with executive
control—including the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal and parietal cortices—when behavioral switch costs were higher (poor
performance). Conversely, activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the rostral anterior cingulate was
consistently correlated with good performance, suggesting a general role for these areas in efficient attention shifting.
We discuss these findings in terms of a model of cognitive-emotional interaction in attention shifting, in which reward-related
signals in the VMPFC guide efficient selection of tasks in the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. 相似文献
863.
A growing number of studies have supported the use of unidimensional psychometric test instruments administered via the Internet;
however, support for the use of multidimensional scales is weak. The present study compares paper and Internet administrations
of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scale (Wallston & Wallston, 1981). In terms of reliabilities and factor
structures, the Internet data were found to be at least as good as the paper data. MHLC scores were comparable for paper and
Internet administrations, although the Internet sample scored significantly lower on the Powerful Others subscale. Overall,
the results show that administration of the MHLC Scale via the Internet can produce data comparable to that obtained by pen-and-paper
methods. However, it is concluded that generalization of these findings beyond the psychometric test instrument and sampling
procedures used here is not warranted. 相似文献
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865.
866.
This study served to replicate and extend our previously obtained hierarchical model of the relationships among general anxiety vulnerabilities, specific anxiety vulnerabilities and specific anxiety manifestations including panic symptoms, health anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and worry. Questionnaires assessing these variables, as well as positive affectivity and depressiveness, were administered to 125 outpatients seeking treatment for panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder. The results, using a clinical sample, were highly consistent with the hierarchical model obtained in the previous study using a student sample. A more elaborate model, based on published theoretical and empirical evidence, was identified and tested, and similar results were obtained. Negative affectivity had expected direct positive effects on all of the specific anxiety and depression manifestations, with the exception of health anxiety, which showed a negative relationship, and OCD symptoms, which showed no relationship. Positive affectivity was found to be a specific risk factor for depression, while intolerance of uncertainty was found to be a specific risk factor for worry and depression. Finally, anxiety sensitivity appears to be a significant risk factor for panic and health anxiety. 相似文献
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868.
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870.
Three theoretical models have been proposed to represent self-concept: (a) unidimensional; (b) multidimensional; (c) multidimensional hierarchical. Inventories have been developed under each of the three competing theoretical models; which model best represents self-concept is unclear. Typically, self-concept construct validation has utilized various approaches including correlational, multitrait-multimethod, and factor analytic methods. Another method, however, for assessing validity would be to determine the consequences of score interpretations using different measures specific to each of the theoretical models. This paper examined Messick's notion (1989) of the validity of test-score interpretations as applied to three of the most widely used measures derived under each of the three different theoretical models of self-concept. Results suggest that overall multidimensional measures are more consistent in classifying individual's self-concept than unidimensional measures. 相似文献