Some relevant factors in the transfer of material from short-term to long-term memory

The relationship between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) for digits was investigated by means of a Hebb-type experiment, viz. a presentation of a series of nine-digit numbers, in which a certain number recurs at intervals. Improvement in performance, with regard to the critical, or recurring, number was found when the rehearsal grouping was three-three-and-three, but was absent when there were no opportunities for rehearsal or when the rehearsal strategy was grouping five-and-four or searching for systematic numbers.

However, if an overt recall response was given on each occasion the recurring number was presented, improved performance was found even with rehearsal stratgegy five-and-four.

The conclusion was drawn that rehearsal is the main transferring mechanism from STM to LTM, with the occurrence of an over recall response as a subsidiary factor.     

Fleeing from one place,searching for another

The history of psychoanalysis also tells the story of how individuals were uprooted. Oppression and persecution forced Jewish psychoanalysts into exile during the interwar period and the Second World War. An account of the history of psychoanalysis in a particular country is also bound to mirror international conditions. This article tells the life story of a psychoanalyst of Jewish descent. However, it also tells another story, namely the painful history of psychoanalysis. The life of the Jewish psychoanalyst, Lajos Székely (1904-1995), who found his way to Sweden in May 1944, summarises and distils the destiny of other Jewish psychoanalysts. The article describes the life of a psychoanalyst, but is at the same time about what he represents in a more general sense. It is about the many Jewish psychoanalysts who were forced to flee and who, although the flight was finally over, still uprooted, were compelled to seek a place and a purpose in a new social environment.     

Managers' Tradeoffs Between Equality and Efficiency: Preferences and Emotional Responses

In a survey questionnaire, 81 Swedish managers working in the private and public sectors were presented with scenarios in which a manager chose among inefficient (i.e., economically worse) alternatives, implying equal rewards to subordinates; and efficient (i.e., economically better) alternatives, implying unequal rewards. The managers also rated 26 different emotion words, describing their responses to the inequality of rewards in the scenarios. The results showed stronger outward‐directed and inward‐directed negative emotions, and weaker inward‐directed positive emotions when the inequality of rewards increased. Furthermore, negative emotions were found to mediate the choices among efficient and inefficient alternatives.     

Views on and Perceptions of Experiences of Touch Avoidance: An Exploratory Study

The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of physical touch by conducting semi-structured interviews with 14 participants, nine women and five men (M _age?=?25.1). A touch avoidance screening form was used to select subjects with the highest scores on touch avoidance as well as those with the lowest scores, that is, the greatest acceptance of touch, for the interviews (n?=?7 in each group). Data were analyzed using Burnard’s stage-by-stage process of coding and categorization. The identified superordinate themes were labeled: 1) safe haven, 2) skill, 3) physical appearance, 4) ambivalence and 5) fear. Among other findings, touch avoiders seemed to have a greater need for bodily intimacy as a confirmation of the romantic partner relationship than did touch accepters. It was concluded that the experience of physical closeness is complex, and the relationships with attachment theory were discussed. Further research was suggested to more thoroughly investigate the present findings on touch avoidance, as well as the origins of touch avoidance and its consequences for personal relationships and communication skills.     

Scattered Exemplification and Many-Place Copulas

Can there be relational universals? If so, how can they be exemplified? A monadic universal is by definition capable of having a scattered spatiotemporal localization of its different exemplifications, but the problem of relational universals is that one single exemplification seems to have to be scattered in the many places where the relata are. The paper argues that it is possible to bite this bullet, and to accept a hitherto un-discussed kind of exemplification relation called ‘scattered exemplification’. It has no immediate symbolic counterpart in any Indo-European natural language or in any so far constructed logical language. In order to remedy this, a notion called ‘many-place copula’ is introduced, too.     

Multiple Microswitches for Multiple Responses with Children with Profound Disabilities

Abstract

Several components of motivation for exercise were investigated in a sample of 51 subjects who participated in a five-month exercise program designed for people with back pain. Assessment of motivation was made prior to the program using a self-report questionnaire. Tests were made of the motivational factors' ability to classify subjects as higher or lower adherers. A combination of age, perceived lack of time to exercise, expected consequences of not taking action to relieve the back pain, and adherence self-efficacy, resulted in a logistic regression model that correctly identified 96% of the higher adherers and 84% of the lower adherers after five months of participation. The present pilot study offers preliminary data on potentially influential motivational components. In addition, the results clearly support the notion that motivation is best viewed as a complex psychological construct, thus indicating that assessments of motivation should be multifactorial.     

Testing causal models of the relationship between childhood gender atypical behaviour and parent–child relationship

An association between childhood gender atypical behaviour (GAB) and a negative parent–child relationship has been demonstrated in several studies, yet the causal relationship of this association is not fully understood. In the present study, different models of causation between childhood GAB and parent–child relationships were tested. Direction of causation modelling was applied to twin data from a population‐based sample (n= 2,565) of Finnish 33‐ to 43‐year‐old twins. Participants completed retrospective self‐report questionnaires. Five different models of causation were then fitted to the data: GAB → parent–child relationship, parent–child relationship → GAB, reciprocal causation, a bivariate genetic model, and a model assuming no correlation. It was found that a model in which GAB and quality of mother–child, and father–child relationship reciprocally affect each other best fitted the data. The findings are discussed in light of how we should understand, including causality, the association between GAB and parent–child relationship.     

An extension of Wollenberg's redundancy analysis

An extension of Wollenberg's redundancy analysis is proposed to deriveY-variates corresponding to the optimalX-variates. These variates are maximally correlated with the givenX-variates, and depending upon the standardization chosen they also have certain properties of orthogonality.The author wants to acknowledge the benefit of several discussions on the topic of this article with Rick Bagozzi, as well as the constructive comments made by several anonymous reviewers. For assistance with the computer analysis, thanks are due to Bill Burrows and John Thorson.