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171.
Johannes Zimmermann Johannes C. Ehrenthal Manfred Cierpka Henning Schauenburg Stephan Doering Cord Benecke 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(5):522-532
In order to investigate the state-trait anxiety distinction in emotionally disturbed and normal children, the responses of 120 emotionally disturbed children and 126 normal children to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger, 1973) were factor analyzed separately. For the emotionally disturbed group two A-State and two A-Trait factors were found with the A-State factors accounting for significantly more of the variance than did A-Trait factors. For the normal group four A-State and two A-Trait factors were found, but there was not a significant difference between the amount of variance accounted for by A-State and A-Trait factors. Results were discussed as supporting the state-trait distinction and as having several implications for future research on anxiety. 相似文献
172.
Johannes Lehtonen 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2013,36(1):105-107
Psychoanalysis may be described as a work of mourning. This is highlighted during the terminal period when the analysand is anticipating the reality of parting from the analyst. The situation promotes an intensification of transference reactions, consisting of separation anxiety and depressive affects, which originate from losses of different developmental origin. With the help of clinical material, including the interpretation of a dream, the patient's various defensive measures to avoid the full impact of separation is illuminated. The rôle and activity of the analyst at termination is also focussed upon. An important aim of the presentation is to show the crucial task for the analyst to help the patient experience the entire meaning of termination without the interference of countertransference enactments. 相似文献
173.
Abstract Most recently, Klaas Kraay has argued that God could have created a subset of all logically possible universes, the member universes of which are chosen by God due to their axiological status. In the present paper, we first argue that Kraay fails in developing an axiological basis for his theistic multiverse. In particular, we demonstrate that science provides no evidence for a multiverse constituted only by universes above a certain axiological threshold. In the second part of this paper, we argue that the idea of the theistic multiverse might be made fruitful in the context of Open Theism. 相似文献
174.
Associations of non‐symbolic and symbolic numerical magnitude processing with mathematical competence: a meta‐analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Michael Schneider Kassandra Beeres Leyla Coban Simon Merz S. Susan Schmidt Johannes Stricker Bert De Smedt 《Developmental science》2017,20(3)
Many studies have investigated the association between numerical magnitude processing skills, as assessed by the numerical magnitude comparison task, and broader mathematical competence, e.g. counting, arithmetic, or algebra. Most correlations were positive but varied considerably in their strengths. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the strength of these associations differs systematically between non‐symbolic and symbolic magnitude comparison tasks and whether age, magnitude comparison measures or mathematical competence measures are additional moderators. We investigated these questions by means of a meta‐analysis. The literature search yielded 45 articles reporting 284 effect sizes found with 17,201 participants. Effect sizes were combined by means of a two‐level random‐effects regression model. The effect size was significantly higher for the symbolic (r = .302, 95% CI [.243, .361]) than for the non‐symbolic (r = .241, 95% CI [.198, .284]) magnitude comparison task and decreased very slightly with age. The correlation was higher for solution rates and Weber fractions than for alternative measures of comparison proficiency. It was higher for mathematical competencies that rely more heavily on the processing of magnitudes (i.e. mental arithmetic and early mathematical abilities) than for others. The results support the view that magnitude processing is reliably associated with mathematical competence over the lifespan in a wide range of tasks, measures and mathematical subdomains. The association is stronger for symbolic than for non‐symbolic numerical magnitude processing. So symbolic magnitude processing might be a more eligible candidate to be targeted by diagnostic screening instruments and interventions for school‐aged children and for adults. 相似文献
175.
In social dilemma situations, individuals benefit from uncooperative behaviour while exploiting resources of the collective. One prominent solution to prevent uncooperative behaviour and to increase cooperation is to establish a sanction system in that private resources are invested by individuals to punish uncooperative interaction partners. The present review is intended to provide an overview concerning motivational determinants of punishment in social dilemma situations. Specifically, we (a) outline that fairness concerns and revenge motivate individuals to punish uncooperative other individuals, (b) show that this is done especially when they possess the basic motivational orientation of a prevention focus. We (c) illustrate that individuals do not punish to acquire a good reputation in the eyes of others, and (d) elaborate on whether individuals punish to regulate satisfaction. Finally, we present empirically neglected motivational factors in studies on punishment in social dilemmas and discuss limitations and possible future directions in this field of research. 相似文献
176.
This study validated a German version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS28) and investigated the sex-specific and age-related differences in motivation of competitive mountain runners. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SMS28 was based on translation and back-translation methodology. Acceptable validity of the German version of the SMS28 was indicated by the high correlations (.81 to .98) of scores on the seven subscales for the English and German versions completed by 15 subjects. Motivation analysis was performed with 127 competitive male and female mountain runners. The seven subscales of the German version showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient alphas .70 to .85). Findings on motivation of competitive mountain runners were a decline across age groups of Intrinsic motivation toward accomplishment for both sexes and an age-related decline of External regulation only for females. These motivational changes might well be associated with the observed diminishing numbers of older participants in mountain running competitions. 相似文献
177.
When it comes to evaluating reductive hypotheses in metaphysics, supervenience arguments are the tools of the trade. Jaegwon
Kim and Frank Jackson have argued, respectively, that strong and global supervenience are sufficient for reduction, and others
have argued that supervenience theses stand in need of the kind of explanation that reductive hypotheses are particularly
suited to provide. Simon Blackburn’s arguments about what he claims are the specifically problematic features of the supervenience
of the moral on the natural have also been influential. But most discussions of these arguments have proceeded under the strong
and restrictive assumptions of the S5 modal logic. In this paper we aim to remedy that defect, by illustrating in an accessible
way what happens to these arguments under relaxed assumptions and why. The occasion is recent work by Ralph Wedgwood, who
seeks to defend non-reductive accounts of moral and mental properties together with strong supervenience, but to evade both
the arguments of Kim and Jackson and the explanatory challenge by accepting only the weaker, B, modal logic. In addition to
drawing general lessons about what happens to supervenience arguments under relaxed assumptions, our goal is therefore to
shed some light on both the virtues and costs of Wedgwood’s proposal. 相似文献
178.
179.
Johannes Hönekopp 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(1):77-80
2D:4D, the length ratio of the second to the fourth digit, is a putative measure of prenatal testosterone, which may have effects on aggression and risk taking. Participants in a German online study (>1000 females, >1200 males) submitted their self-measured digit lengths and self-report measures on verbal and physical aggression and risk taking. For males, left-hand 2D:4D and verbal aggression correlated significantly (r = −.10, after correction for age and reduced reliability in self-measured 2D:4D), with other relationships being similar but non-significant. For females, no relationships between aggression and 2D:4D were found. Risk taking and right-hand 2D:4D correlated significantly in women (r = −.10, after correction for age and reduced reliability in self-measured 2D:4D); similar, but statistically non-significant, relationships were found in men. The result corroborates an emerging view that 2D:4D is negatively related to aggression in males and that 2D:4D is negatively related to risk taking. This tentatively points to effects of prenatal testosterone on these characteristics. 相似文献
180.
Gregory Park H. Andrew Schwartz Maarten Sap Margaret L. Kern Evan Weingarten Johannes C. Eichstaedt Jonah Berger David J. Stillwell Michal Kosinski Lyle H. Ungar Martin E. P. Seligman 《Journal of personality》2017,85(2):270-280
Temporal orientation refers to individual differences in the relative emphasis one places on the past, present, or future, and it is related to academic, financial, and health outcomes. We propose and evaluate a method for automatically measuring temporal orientation through language expressed on social media. Judges rated the temporal orientation of 4,302 social media messages. We trained a classifier based on these ratings, which could accurately predict the temporal orientation of new messages in a separate validation set (accuracy/mean sensitivity = .72; mean specificity = .77). We used the classifier to automatically classify 1.3 million messages written by 5,372 participants (50% female; ages 13–48). Finally, we tested whether individual differences in past, present, and future orientation differentially related to gender, age, Big Five personality, satisfaction with life, and depressive symptoms. Temporal orientations exhibit several expected correlations with age, gender, and Big Five personality. More future‐oriented people were older, more likely to be female, more conscientious, less impulsive, less depressed, and more satisfied with life; present orientation showed the opposite pattern. Language‐based assessments can complement and extend existing measures of temporal orientation, providing an alternative approach and additional insights into language and personality relationships. 相似文献