Stottern

Stuttering is a fluency disorder with a point prevalence of approximately 1%. Stuttering begins in childhood and is characterized by frequently occurring breaks in the flow of speaking. These fluency breaks are repetitions of words and syllables, prolongations of sounds and pauses. Many people who stutter show avoidance behaviors, social anxiety, shame and social withdrawal. Empirical studies point to genetic origins of the disorder; however, distinct physical deficits causing stuttering are not yet known. While most children outgrow stuttering before adolescence those who do not typically continue to stutter throughout their life. The severity of stuttering as well as its impact on the quality of life can be reduced by a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and speech-language therapy.     

Preference for upright structure in memory-traces

Summary Rotation in reproduced drawings was investigated as a function of learning and prolonged forgetting (2 1/4 years). One hundred normal persons served as subjects. Using a control situation, a preference for rotating diagonal stimulus lines into upright positions was found. Rotation was most frequent at the first learning trial and disappeared gradually with practice. During forgetting rotation reappeared spontaneously and increased with time distance from learning. There was no significant correlation between rotation observed during learning and forgetting.

---

Zusammenfassung In einem Gedächtnisexperiment wurden gezeichnete Reproduktionen auf Rotationseffekte untersucht, und zwar als Funktion des Lernens und prolongierten Vergessens (bis zu 2 1/4 Jahren). Einhundert normale Personen dienten als Versuchspersonen. Mit Hilfe einer Kontrollgruppe wurde eine ausgeprägte Tendenz einer Rotation diagonaler exponierter Reizlinien in aufrecht reproduzierte Linien gefunden. Die Häufigkeit dieser Rotation war bei der ersten Reproduktion am stärksten und verringerte sich zunehmend mit der Übung bis zu ihrer Auslöschung. Während des Vergessens trat der Rotationseffekt spontan wieder auf. Seine Häufigkeit erhöhte sich mit dem zeitlichen Abstand vom Lernexperiment. Es bestand keine bedeutsame Korrelation zwischen der Rotation während des Lernens und des Vergessens.

---

---

The original experiments were conducted in the Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, which was then directed by Prof. Johannes von Allesch.     

The interaction of subjectivization and concept placement in the processing of cleft sentences

In four experiments the interaction of grammatical subjectivization of a concept and placing a concept at the head of a cleft sentence has been studied. It has been assumed that on the speaker's part both features are the result of attention focusing and in the case of the listener serve to focus his attention. Further it has been assumed that the speaker might be expected to avoid sentences in which the “marked-off” concept is not at the same time subjectized and that the listener should be irritated by, and rate negatively, sentences with two competing attentional foci. The four experiments described in this paper confirmed these predictions.     

Perceived cadre behavior,basic psychological need satisfaction,and motivation of US Army ROTC cadets: A self-determination theory perspective

ABSTRACT

Since its inception in 1916 the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) has trained and commissioned more than half a million individuals and, therefore, produced more officers for the United States (US) Army than any other commissioning source (US Army, 2020a US Army . (2020a). Army ROTC. Retrieved from https://www.goarmy.com/rotc/legacy-and-value.html  [Google Scholar]). However, there have been high attrition rates among cadets. While the reasons for people’s engagement in the military are complex and include a multitude of tangible and intangible factors, motivation has been found to be a vital contributor to individuals’ ongoing service in the armed forces. Accordingly, utilizing the framework of self-determination theory, the current research was designed to: (a) examine the validity and reliability of existing instruments in measuring cadets’ perceived cadre behavior, basic psychological need satisfaction, and motivation, (b) assess cadets’ perceived cadre behavior, basic psychological need satisfaction, and motivation, and (c) explore potential differences in cadets’ perceived cadre behavior, basic psychological need satisfaction, and motivation based on their class in the program, age, gender, and race. A total of 728 US Army ROTC cadets participated in this survey-based study. Overall, individuals reported relatively high levels of involvement from their cadre, need fulfillment, and self-determined motivation. In contrast, they perceived limited autonomy support from their cadre. In sum, further research appears warranted to gain an in-depth understanding of cadets’ motivation.     

The moral behavior of ethics professors: A replication-extension in German-speaking countries

What is the relation between ethical reflection and moral behavior? Does professional reflection on ethical issues positively impact moral behaviors? To address these questions, Schwitzgebel and Rust empirically investigated if philosophy professors engaged with ethics on a professional basis behave any morally better or, at least, more consistently with their expressed values than do non-ethicist professors. Findings from their original US-based sample indicated that neither is the case, suggesting that there is no positive influence of ethical reflection on moral action. In the study at hand, we attempted to cross-validate this pattern of results in the German-speaking countries and surveyed 417 professors using a replication-extension research design. Our results indicate a successful replication of the original effect that ethicists do not behave any morally better compared to other academics across the vast majority of normative issues. Yet, unlike the original study, we found mixed results on normative attitudes generally. On some issues, ethicists and philosophers even expressed more lenient attitudes. However, one issue on which ethicists not only held stronger normative attitudes but also reported better corresponding moral behaviors was vegetarianism.