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451.
We argue, from an ethology-inspired perspective, that the internal concepts 'surface colours' and 'illumination colours' are part of the data format of two different representational primitives. Thus, the internal concept of 'colour' is not a unitary one but rather refers to two different types of 'data structure', each with its own proprietary types of parameters and relations. The relation of these representational structures is modulated by a class of parameterised transformations whose effects are mirrored in the idealised computational achievements of illumination invariance of colour codes, on the one hand, and scene invariance, on the other hand. Because the same characteristics of a light array reaching the eye can be physically produced in many different ways, the visual system, then, has to make an 'inference' whether a chromatic deviation of the space-averaged colour codes from the neutral point is due to a 'non-normal', ie chromatic, illumination or due to an imbalanced spectral reflectance composition. We provide evidence that the visual system uses second-order statistics of chromatic codes of a single view of a scene in order to modulate corresponding transformations. In our experiments we used centre surround configurations with inhomogeneous surrounds given by a random structure of overlapping circles, referred to as Seurat configurations. Each family of surrounds has a fixed space-average of colour codes, but differs with respect to the covariance matrix of colour codes of pixels that defines the chromatic variance along some chromatic axis and the covariance between luminance and chromatic channels. We found that dominant wavelengths of red-green equilibrium settings of the infield exhibited a stable and strong dependence on the chromatic variance of the surround. High variances resulted in a tendency towards 'scene invariance', low variances in a tendency towards 'illumination invariance' of the infield. 相似文献
452.
453.
Kevin Koban Johannes Breuer Diana Rieger M. Rohangis Mohseni Stephanie Noack Gary Bente 《Media Psychology》2013,16(5):743-768
ABSTRACTRecent studies have found that digital games can be used to improve the players’ mood, especially after emotionally unpleasant experiences. We introduce competence repair as an extension of previous work on mood repair. To investigate the effects of digital games on both mood and competence repair, we conducted 3 studies using quiz games. In the quasi-experimental Study 1 (N = 143), we manipulated the necessity for repair via a false feedback task (positive vs. negative), and looked at the impact of in-game success (victory vs. defeat). In the experimental Studies 2 (N = 91) and 3 (N = 109), we aimed at conceptually replicating and extending the findings on the impact of in-game success by varying participants’ success over a series of 4 matches (Study 2: close game outcomes, Study 3: clear victory/defeat). The results of these studies indicate that the efficacy of digital games for mood repair, as well as competence repair, depends on the necessity for repair, as well as success in the game. However, competence repair occurred even after participants were defeated repeatedly in a series of close matches. These results are discussed in light of the potential of digital games for fulfilling (previously thwarted) psychological needs. 相似文献
454.
Nurit Shnabel Johannes Ullrich Arie Nadler John F. Dovidio Anna Lisa Aydin 《European journal of social psychology》2013,43(6):482-492
Applying the Needs‐Based Model of Reconciliation to contexts of group disparity, two studies examined how messages from outgroup representatives that affirmed the warmth or competence of advantaged or disadvantaged groups influenced their members' intergroup attitudes. Study 1 involved natural groups differing in status; Study 2 experimentally manipulated status. In both studies, advantaged‐group members responded more favorably, reporting more positive outgroup attitudes and willingness to change the status quo toward equality, to messages reassuring their group's warmth. Disadvantaged‐group members responded more favorably to messages affirming their group's competence. Study 2 further demonstrated that the effectiveness of reassuring a disadvantaged group's competence stemmed from restoring its threatened dimension of identity, irrespective of a change of the status quo. In line with Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), these results indicate that beyond the competition over tangible resources, groups are concerned with restoring threatened dimensions of their identities. Exchanging messages that remove identity‐related threats may promote not only positive intergroup attitudes but also greater willingness to act collectively for intergroup equality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
455.
Myriam N. Bechtoldt Conny Welk Dieter Zapf Johannes Hartig 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(4):479-500
Abstract Considerable attention has been devoted recently to changes in the psychological contract and the implications for HRM. However, much of our understanding of both the socio-cognitive processes involved in the contracting process and the ability of national HRM systems to accommodate the new demands of psychological contracting is accultural or unicultural. This article reviews the content, process, and context of changes in the contract within Europe. A model of the relationship between national culture and other cross-national factors and the process of contracting is developed. 相似文献
456.
Maren E. Bodden Dorothee Kübler Susanne Knake Katja Menzler Johannes T. Heverhagen Jens Sommer Elke Kalbe S?ren Krach Richard Dodel 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(1):32-43
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to infer other people’s mental states like
intentions or desires. ToM can be differentiated into affective (i.e.,
recognizing the feelings of another person) and cognitive (i.e., inferring the
mental state of the counterpart) subcomponents. Recently, subcortical structures
such as the basal ganglia (BG) have also been ascribed to the multifaceted
concept ToM and most BG disorders have been reported to elicit ToM deficits. In
order to assess both the correlates of affective and cognitive ToM as well as
involvement of the basal ganglia, 30 healthy participants underwent
event-related fMRI scanning, neuropsychological testing, and filled in
questionnaires concerning different aspects of ToM and empathy. Directly
contrasting affective (aff) as well as cognitive (cog) ToM to the control (phy)
condition, activation was found in classical ToM regions, namely parts of the
temporal lobe including the superior temporal sulcus, the supplementary motor
area, and parietal structures in the right hemisphere. The contrast aff > phy
yielded additional activation in the orbitofrontal cortex on the right and the
cingulate cortex, the precentral and inferior frontal gyrus and the cerebellum
on the left. The right BG were recruited in this contrast as well. The direct
contrast aff > cog showed activation in the temporoparietal junction and the
cingulate cortex on the right as well as in the left supplementary motor area.
The reverse contrast cog > aff however did not yield any significant clusters.
In summary, affective and cognitive ToM partly share neural correlates but can
also be differentiated anatomically. Furthermore, the BG are involved in
affective ToM and thus their contribution is discussed as possibly providing a
motor component of simulation processes, particularly in affective ToM. 相似文献
457.
Rik Crutzen Jascha de Nooijer Wendy Brouwer Anke Oenema Johannes Brug Nanne de Vries 《Psychology & health》2013,28(6):651-661
The use of online word of mouth (WOM) seems a promising strategy to motivate young people to visit Internet-delivered interventions. An Internet-delivered intervention aimed at changing implicit attitudes related to alcohol was used in two experiments to test effectiveness of e-mail invitations on a first visit to the intervention. The results of the first experiment (N = 196) showed that an invitation by e-mail from a friend was more effective to attract young adults (aged 18–24 years) to the intervention website than an invitation from an institution. A 2 × 2 design was used in the second experiment (N = 236) to test manipulations of argument strength and the use of peripheral cues in invitations. Results showed that weak arguments were more effective to attract young adults to the intervention website when an incentive was withheld. These results need to be taken into account when using online WOM as a strategy to improve exposure to Internet-delivered interventions. 相似文献
458.
Daniel Leising Peter Borkenau Johannes Zimmermann Cornelia Roski Anne Leonhardt Astrid Schütz 《欧洲人格杂志》2013,27(6):565-579
The present article examines the common factor structure of various self‐evaluative personality constructs. Consistent with previous research, we found considerable redundancy between constructs. Two basic forms of self‐evaluation could be distinguished: Positive Self‐regard (PSR) reflects people's contentedness with themselves in comparison with their own standards. Constructs such as depression, self‐esteem and neuroticism have very high loadings on this factor. In contrast, Claim to Leadership (CTL) reflects the subjective conviction that one is called to take charge and lead others. This conviction is often called ‘narcissism’. PSR mainly reflects an intra‐personal kind of self‐evaluation, whereas CTL reflects an inter‐personal kind. Both forms of self‐evaluation independently predict intellectual self‐enhancement, but only one of them (PSR) also predicts self‐reported mental health. Moreover, the two forms of self‐evaluation are differentially associated with self‐reported and peer‐reported inter‐personal traits (Dominance and Affiliation). Finally, the concepts of ‘Grandiosity’ and ‘Vulnerability’ from narcissism research may easily be reframed in terms of CTL and PSR. The two‐dimensional framework may help overcome the conceptual confusion that exists around different forms of self‐evaluation and streamline the field for future research. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
459.
Traditionally, interdisciplinarity has been taken to require conceptual or theoretical integration. However, in the emerging field of sustainability science this kind of integration is often lacking. Indeed sometimes it is regarded as an obstacle to interdisciplinarity. Drawing on examples from sustainability science, we show that problem-feeding, i.e. the transfer of problems, is a common and fruitful-looking way of connecting disparate disciplines and establishing interdisciplinarity. We identify two species of problem-feeding: unilateral and bilateral. Which of these is at issue depends on whether solutions to the problem are fed back to the discipline in which the problem originated. We suggest that there is an interesting difference between the problem-feeding approach to interdisciplinarity and the traditional integrative perspective suggested by among others Erich Jantsch and his colleagues. The interdisciplinarity resulting from problem-feeding between researchers can be local and temporary and does not require collaboration between proximate disciplines. By contrast, to make good sense of traditional integrative interdisciplinarity we must arguably associate it with a longer-term, global form of close, interdisciplinary collaboration. 相似文献
460.
Petriina Munck Pekka Niemi Anniina Väliaho Helena Lapinleimu Liisa Lehtonen Leena Haataja 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(1):92-103
Our objective was to study the prereading skills of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; ≤ 1500 g) prematurely born children at the age of five years. A regional cohort of 89 VLBW children and 152 full-term (FT) born children was assessed for letter knowledge, phonological processing, and speeded naming. Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was assessed using a short version of WPPSI-R. The associations of parental and neonatal factors, and FSIQ with prereading skills were assessed. VLBW group had poorer prereading skills, and there were more VLBW children at-risk (performing < ?1 SD) compared to FT children in phonological processing (23% vs. 9%, p = .002), letter knowledge (27% vs. 14%, p = .017), and the accuracy of speeded naming (26% vs. 13%, p = .020). VLBW children had lower average FSIQ and Performance IQ (both comparisons p < .001) than FT controls, but Verbal IQ did not differ. When FSIQ was used as a covariate, VLBW children did not differ from the FT group in prereading skills indicating that they are at risk for more global developmental problems. Lower parental level of education as well as parent's reading problems were negatively associated with VLBW children's prereading skills. Positively, about 75% of VLBW children performed within the normal range in each individual prereading skill. 相似文献