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321.
Dick DM Meyers JL Latendresse SJ Creemers HE Lansford JE Pettit GS Bates JE Dodge KA Budde J Goate A Buitelaar JK Ormel J Verhulst FC Huizink AC 《Psychological science》2011,22(4):481-489
Psychologists, with their long-standing tradition of studying mechanistic processes, can make important contributions to further characterizing the risk associated with genes identified as influencing risk for psychiatric disorders. We report one such effort with respect to CHRM2, which codes for the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor and was of interest originally for its association with alcohol dependence. We tested for association between CHRM2 and prospectively measured externalizing behavior in a longitudinal, community-based sample of adolescents, as well as for moderation of this association by parental monitoring. We found evidence for an interaction in which the association between the genotype and externalizing behavior was stronger in environments with lower parental monitoring. There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of externalizing behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of externalizing behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring. The difficulties involved in distinguishing mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are discussed. 相似文献
322.
Klaus B. Bærentsen Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen Bo Sommerlund Tue Hartmann Johannes Damsgaard-Madsen Mark Fosnæs Anders C. Green 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(1):57-84
Meditation is an ancient spiritual practice, which aims to still the fluctuations of the mind. We investigated meditation with fMRI in order to identify and characterise both the “neural switch” mechanism used in the
voluntary shift from normal consciousness to meditation and the “threshold regulation mechanism” sustaining the meditative
state. Thirty-one individuals with 1.5–25 years experience in meditation were scanned using a blocked on–off design with 45 s
alternating epochs during the onset of respectively meditation and normal relaxation. Additionally, 21 subjects were scanned
during 14.5 min of sustained meditation. The data were analysed with SPM and ICA. During the onset of meditation, activations
were found bilaterally in the putamen and the supplementary motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in
the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM
analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matter in the
right hemisphere, i.e. mainly in the posterior occipito–parieto–temporal area and in the frontal lobes. ICA identified 38
components including known baseline-resting state components, one of which not only overlaps with the activated area revealed
in the SPM analysis but extends further into frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic areas, and might presumably constitute
a combination of frontoparietal and cinguloopercular task control systems. The identified component processes display varying
degrees of correlation. We hypothesise that a proper characterisation of brain processes during meditation will require an
operational definition of brain dynamics matching a stable state of mind. 相似文献
323.
Bossenbroek L Kosse N Ten Hacken N Gordijn M Van der Hoeven J De Greef M 《Perceptual and motor skills》2010,111(3):936-946
To measure activity during sleep, polysomnography and actigraphy are often used. The DynaPort MiniMod measures movement intensity and body position day and night. The goal was to examine the validity of the DynaPort MiniMod in assessing physical activity and body posture during sleep. In Study A, 10 healthy participants slept with the DynaPort MiniMod and the Actiwatch for one night. In Study B, 8 participants suspected of having Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome slept for one night with the DynaPort MiniMod and underwent complete polysomnography as part of the typical care protocol. In Study A, there was a significant moderate correlation (r = .70) between the movement scores of the Actiwatch and the DynaPort MiniMod. In Study B, a high intraclass correlation (r = .84) between body posture scores of the DynaPort MiniMod and the polysomnography position sensor was observed. The DynaPort MiniMod is a valid measurement device for physical activity during sleep. 相似文献
324.
Two studies examined the impact of chronic and situational self‐regulatory mechanisms on cognitive test performance. In both studies, test performance was enhanced when situationally induced regulatory mechanisms matched the chronic self‐regulatory focus of the test taker. These results support the regulatory fit hypothesis put forward in regulatory focus theory and point to the importance of compatibility between chronic and situationally induced self‐regulatory states when it comes to cognitive test performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
325.
Jagdip Singh Karen Flaherty Dawn Deeter-Schmelz Johannes Habel Kenneth Le Meunier-FitzHugh 《Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management》2019,39(1):2-22
Recognizing the rapid advances in sales digitization and artificial intelligence technologies, we develop concepts, priorities, and questions to help guide future research and practice in the field of personal selling and sales management. Our analysis reveals that the influence of sales digitalization technologies, which include digitization and artificial intelligence, is likely to be more significant and more far reaching than previous sales technologies. To organize our analysis of this influence, we discuss the opportunities and threats that sales digitalization technologies pose for (a) the sales profession in terms of its contribution to creating value for customers, organizations, and society and (b) sales professionals, in terms of both employees in organizations and individuals as self, seeking growth, fulfillment, and status in the functions they serve and roles they live. We summarize our discussion by detailing specific research priorities and questions that warrant further study and development by researchers and practitioners alike. 相似文献
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The present research relates recent work on the ease of retrieval heuristic to the impact of negative stereotypic expectations on test performance. It is argued that when individuals recall information that supports negative stereotypic expectations, this activation may impair test performance relative to conditions when no stereotypic expectations are activated. This impairment, however, should be most pronounced when the information is brought to mind with ease. If the retrieval of the respective information is associated with difficulty, the impairment should be attenuated. The results of the present study confirm this hypothesis. In line with prior research, the results suggest that the experienced ease of retrieval is an important moderator of how accessible information is used. Going beyond existing evidence on attitude and frequency judgments, the results demonstrate an impact of ease of retrieval on test performance. 相似文献
329.
Johannes Engelkamp 《Psychological research》1980,41(4):355-371
Summary Five experiments were carried out to test the information processing of the propositional arguments instrument and beneficiary. Proceeding from the assumption that propositions are basic units of memory, it was hypothesized that instrument and beneficiary would show different effects in recall experiments, depending on whether they were components of appropriate propositions or not. Experiments I and II were conducted to test this assumption. The results showed that things are more complicated than was expected. Besides propositional structure, the semantic integration of concrete propositions has to be taken into account to predict their psychological processing. Experiments III, IV, and V were conducted to prove this. On the whole, it was found that instruments can always be considered as arguments but beneficiaries only when they are obligatory; and further that in general instrument arguments are semantically more strongly implied by their predicates than beneficiary arguments are.I would like to thank Trevor Scott for his help in writing the English text. Requests for offprints should be sent to Johannes Engelkamp, Psychologisches Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, D-6600 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany 相似文献
330.
In the auditory modality, there has been a considerable debate about some aspects of cortical disorders, especially about auditory forms of agnosia. Agnosia refers to an impaired comprehension of sensory information in the absence of deficits in primary sensory processes. In the non-verbal domain, sound agnosia and amusia have been reported but are frequently accompanied by language deficits whereas pure deficits are rare. Absolute pitch and musicians' musical abilities have been associated with left hemispheric functions. We report the case of a right handed sound engineer with the absolute pitch who developed sound agnosia and amusia in the absence of verbal deficits after a right perisylvian stroke. His disabilities were assessed with the Seashore Test of Musical Functions, the tests of Wertheim and Botez (Wertheim and Botez, Brain 84, 1961, 19-30) and by event-related potentials (ERP) recorded in a modified 'oddball paradigm'. Auditory ERP revealed a dissociation between the amplitudes of the P3a and P3b subcomponents with the P3b being reduced in amplitude while the P3a was undisturbed. This is interpreted as reflecting disturbances in target detection processes as indexed by the P3b. The findings that contradict some aspects of current knowledge about left/right hemispheric specialization in musical processing are discussed and related to the literature concerning cortical auditory disorders. 相似文献